ês[¬à wBIGU~ªœÁœx31
¡ ±ÌXbhÍßOqÉÉi[³êĢܷ
G[fCXu£XàËÄÜ·
ês[¬à wBIGU~ªœÁœx29
https://mao.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/loto/1642433359/
ês[¬à wBIGU~ªœÁœx30
https://mao.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/loto/1643839984/ |GÍúßÄÆÉAèçÌxxðͶߜ ó^
Ie¿BͬpräoJá¢p?¶äqGëF¬Jxìö?ëFÍãIx?
?Bê¢ñö??õ?IDžêäzâIÆDÓ??BͬêŒÈsípì
ó?AùHAðÊAhAôA??÷íI
Í?¹¹Èy?||ß?šI?B
¯¶©?Ã?úÈÒCA¥lÞIêåHšÒ¹C[9]lìèÏyøpͬ
¹n
_Æ®Bͬñ¹œ???aŽŒ
¶šlÞHpC¯??ñ¹W
¹CpÈ?paó?CöåªIöŸN¹sʰͬI?ÝBä?I
ÍV
õ¬¬?IͬašííÊ?
ÍVa
Í??âì?\¹¹B
ÍVIg
pß?LSN?jCá@òQ?IDounby Click MillBÝöD\¹?ŸVOC
Ý¢Fgp
ÍV§Ða?rÑyŽŒ??iA\ªí?B1890NãCæêä
Ê?Í
??I÷ío?CÝß{\NC
Í??L¹?«I?WCÞŽ¥Ý?Ð
œRInæBZͬ??š?Îa¹íåÊp°}CR§Í¬I`?äo^
Ô?rè¹észÇBͬç¥dvI¡ªE?ÈyhäHBœàíÍ\?
¥??é?úI?EC@¡¥ÛÁ?a??ò?IªE?Bq^ͬpìq?I
÷\ß???çNBÅL?Í?I?¥ö³O3300NbîzRŒkIóxÍ
¬æ¶ŸB[10]ͬq?ñ¹ê?õÁIðÊû®C§¡¹RÝåœåvÍ
¬ãåÊ?WCá@???ÍAPÍA§ŒŒäÍAóxÍÈy?]BR°Í¬ãI
DüsóǧCöŒ?rú¹åÊI·ºÌÈy±qC¢¬N??
B[11][12]??Ýê±Í¬ãàCͬØ}Cíío?àezäo}¬C?±}¬í
p°Y¬???ÚC@èây MBÐQäoh¡åðÚF^Ða¡
lÞ׶¶
äoá¢WCíäoRà¥nAäo
à¥nCÈ?¶^ÐARöAyά«ÐQBŽë
QwÊrAC¢¬lœSäoà?¹žïÈŽÉCö¹ð^ÐI¬öäoÁ«CL
ÀržÐAäÌäoÐãd²®ôB^Ð~
ãSßB¯Aöá¢Aüøœ?
~ãCŽéP¯un\I`¬ç¬CA@Ê第Êßå͹œ
³@e[
C
¬Šð`¬^
C§á¢¬lœSœà?¹žC¥AâiV×u^ÐvBR§
ᢶ^ÐIæœCÀñêêlêŠÂ`¬CŽ`¬wÊåvïÜF
~
An`AynJá¢sácöfB~
uÔJÊœÝÏJÊCŽß͹I
rú\ÍBêÊÒ?C@ÊênLãIåJCᢶ^ÐIÂ\«ÖðúÁB
Mæäo±Mæ ÆCãSíóMæùIP?CŽæÒI~
CðøNã
I?~åJCÞŽÝRœIJšXåCÀÂ\øNÍ
ÃCyάyRDXàb
\cC
üCnœC¢¬\åQCCnœðö§í
¹BynäoJ
á¢sácãÞIR¬
?B¬n`JCg}Êo»åÊ~
CçCáEn
œd¹
BR÷ØÂÈÅè
yC°Ñð±vyßIz
\Íy\öžA
íÛì§Á¬NICö?§ºJCJ
A»yÖv¬¬º±C¬ü¢¬ÉÏC
s^
¬ÊC¢¬^
åÊÃB¹°ÑOCsÇIkìû®±ãßÊú
qCçgynžAíIÛìCÁ¬Î±yßNII»ÛCäo
¶Bxss»
çÂ\¢¬^ÐCn\íàlÂiûHjœ
D¢WC±vJ
³ø§®¬ü
nêCöúÁr
näoÍìrúJ
I^C±v??BhÎßͬI¬ÊC
öCúÁÎI×
eÊÖž^ÐᢶIÂ\BÂ¥CÎI¹RLÀC
×¹²ßͬ¬ÊCÂÈÝͬCz
?CÀÝ
?OÊ»lHÎÝ I
·]¬æ?CALŽß4äÝÂlHÎC×
Êç¥1,370§ûÄBÍ
Oìídv
BÂÈÝͬI_Ózç?Ch~Í
OìCÛì€nIésÆóÃÓBO
CúÁÍ
¬®I¬xÂÈðÆ^ÐIᢶB@ÊÍ
¬®I¬xú
Â\
ÖðžBLkœnûÏLÝí¢¬
ÐI͹isfŒIHöC`±¬¬CÈ
h^ÐIᢶBvª¡^ÐCAK{۶ͬãàI©RAíC§áǧ°ÑCXœ
÷ØCÂÈSÙyßCh~ÉÏší«ºàCðÆͬºàLßœ?Ïšañ\?
aª^ÐIᢶÂÈyôoh^[{aá¢?^
xñB[13]gŸC_{©áE
nÚBöpÆçÂÈaõÙ}õpÝõBÙ}±çÂÈñO×õ«?IÙ}B
×¹q¹ôoÅžmI^
añCäoß~JèIl¬ÅD¥Lê·úI
?j¿B[14]Â?j¿uÒvaW
œeÊŠ¿iä@
ÉxÉeCnº
ÊC~
wOaöxjËÂ\ŸÅžmI^
añBBĪI~JaÊV
añZpç¥ñ^
añžmxIdvvfBÝ¿i¿InûC^
Ixa
xÂÈíäržmIañoÒCÀ¯LåÊIñOúôõB^
añIÊêÊïÅ
aú
Êa^ôaúBq¹üdvnêyIÔB[15]añçÂ\o^ÐIv §\ÊvzJnèûÏ
ùv1¬?L1p¡i25|ÄjI~JBœ ÆÛÇ
IͬañSèíIá¢?R^\á¢w±aãà
Êw±iFlash Flood Guidance and Hea
dwater GuidancejBw±ðiCÝiÔ?vLœåI~JÊËÂ\¢¬R^\ᢜå¬
æ«^
ŽÈC?ꌥş??èIO?iœl?jsæ?ÊCnæŠ??Ç
??I{œBCº??§sŒÇ¯iŠsŒÚ???¯jB§n?s?°ŸŽ?
Œè®BCŠŒÚǯ¯?º??BÝŽ©ú¯ú??°g¹hCA¹?æ
GV@ü¹§?sÂ@æBRú?1949N?l¯€a¬§CÝ€?}IT§æiŠªn
AðúæjCs???åæAsA?iŠsÂ@??öA?æsöCÇ?IsæÌ?g?æhAg??æhB
jA?l?G??I€nû??ª??ªÇAæ}ÏAnÏA?ÏG??I€???ª??å?æA?æA?ªæA?Ï?
ï^?å?Bá@CÎƯs?kI[?AÙ??Ý1938N52úNè®®°V¬§IW@b?æ{bs
æñsÂ@??öC??I€nû???W@bªÇbæÏñnÏC??I€????ªH?W@b?æ
º?Ib?ææñ?ªæBùvÓI¥C??ßgpgenfÏh??I÷?ŒÌB
1949N?l¯€a¬§?Cnûsæ??åæAÈAsA?A?€5?Bª°ŸAŽ?úÝȺ?I¹
A{BA?Is??BÈl¯{?º??Cs???A????C????B??ICÝåæ?ê??æi@???æjCÈ?ñ??æ
i@Ž]È?æjAsÇ?æ?O??æi@VádIìád?æjC?Ç?æ??ªæBkœÈs?sC§¥ŒÚº?
?BgshïåæŒ?sAÈ?sAs?sA??sœ?îvBá@FÎìÈÃŒsº??ËAï¯ai
?O¢?€22¢?B
1950N1C?@Ê?sÈl¯{??Ê?tCæ13ð?èFgeÈŸªùv??á±??æCe???êlCóŸ?
??êñlB??ö?Èl¯{Ï?ïVho÷?Bh[a]1952NNC??P?sCü?ÈŒ?e?B1967
N?nC???§gnævœÏ?ïhC¥?èI³®ê?{B1970NCg?æh³®üÌ?gnæhB^næsnʯIsªæüÌgn?sæhCæãŽg??sæhi?æ?sæjB 29-88
1978NCs?@tæO\lð?èFgÈvœÏ?ïÂÈÂnæ?§söCì?©ÈIho÷?hm1nCR?unæs?n§B[3]1982NCCüÊ?Is?l¯€anûe?l¯ã\åïanûe?l¯{??@tæ42ð?èCeÈA©¡æl¯{ÝKv?C??@áyCÂÈ?§á±söì?Žho÷?B[4]
ã\Nã^ñçNãeÈæ??P?gnæhs§?§n?siÌ?gPn?shjB1999N15ús€A?@?°nû{÷?üvIÓ?t?èFgv?®næ§C?s?CðÆd??uB^n?só¶ênInæC?snsóG^??só¶ênInæAÝsi?j??§n?s?yICP?næ§C?§n?sC?ss???̧GŽ]næ§çv?P?CŽnæ??üRßn?s??œRÈŒ?C??sRÈÏïn?sãÇBh
?¶Inæsöß?sœCåvÊ°Î?næB124ÂŽnœßãSü¬nsB57Â¥¹üŽŒnsœB29-88
gDKc
næsös¥nûl¯{Csó¯?l¯ã\åïyŽí?Ï?ï??C§¥ì?Èl¯{Iho÷?CóÈ?l¯{??CsiLnsËLIàÜAsôÜ AvcÜ[5]BAnæsöI?\ß°n?s^©¡BIl¯{B
ÚOCÝê±nû¹?§næsöC§s¥?§n?sCåvŽö¥næàvLSés\?ËAzøA??®¢sæàIe?BÅT^Iáq¥ŒåUI¢¢næC¢¢næs?n?òÍ??L12000¯B
€?}ÝnæInû??Ì?gnæÏ?ïhC?ÌgnÏhB^n?sI€sÏ?Lí?Ï?ïs¯CnÏs?í?Ï?ïBê¢næInÏÏ?IÊÝ10l¶EC°n?sIsÏíÏB
næs?l¯ã\åïí?Ï?ï[5]C§¥?§g^^Èi©¡æjl¯ã\åïí?Ï?ï^^næHìÏ?ïhC?ÌgnælåHÏhCóÈ?låí?Ï?ï??CüŽ??ó?HìBnælåHÏåv?\¥??næsöAnæ?l¯@@Al¯?@@næª@??@A@¥A@?aã?l¯ã\åïyŽí?Ï?ïIr?ArèÝ{næI?sîvCdvîvüho÷??BÂ?CnælåHÏós\CÆnæsöI??lBsöI??A??RÈ?l¯{CÆBnæ?l¯@@A?@@I@?A@?A?»?A?@?A?@?A?@?CRÈ?låíÏïCÆBnæs¢?NxIl¯ã\åïBnæ?e?æs??oIãê?låIã\ŒÚQÁoÈÈi©¡æjl¯ã\åïBnælåHÏ????næä?àIÈlåã\Aw?næ?e?æslåí?Ï?ïHìB
næI?÷?Ì?gl¯¡?€ï?^^Èi©¡æjÏ?ï^^næHìÏ?ïhC?Ìgnæ?HÏhC?È??ho÷?BóÈ??a€næÏ?ïIod??C^e?isj?Ï?ï¥w??nB G?C`¬
¬Cr^
z?B??ͬÊí¬?·±ÛIææC§NœÏ¬Ê?
¬CAö\JAZáø?I^ôpkåB??öl??ͬI?xø
AB¬ïgíN
ͬ?¬G?«Í¬Bͬ·xäo¹ªÍ¬·xIvZ¥êk¢ïICäoN
êyi͹jAIêyioCûAÎAœŽŒÍ¬jÊuIFèCÈy_ÒVÔã`·xIʪ
û@äožxFLèWBçö×@C¢EåÍIrŒ??à¥_sxBT^Iͬ¥R
œx¬bW§¬C§?x¬{gÂ\祜ŽŒX¬x¬bW§¬C@{¬
yLx¬Iã`âi×
nBå«R{¬y?xsLŽ¹ªCA ÛµáWÈ£Iêy
ÅI¹ªácì®Â
nI¹ªCR|ì×NêyÊŸIͬ·xÅ·CAácì®Â
nIÍ·BêʧŸC
nI¹ªðÝ{¬INêyœ¥Žãà|Cá³ÁÊw
èCͬͷäo
nÍ·¯`Bá@ò
Í{¬INêy×ò
ÍAÂò
ͬ|
C§®Â
nI¹ªÝŽãàCá³ÁÊwèCuò
Í·vŠwuò
Í
nÍ·vC
§ñw{¬iŠŒâi×ò
ÍIßêijÍ·Bá¥
nI¹ªäo{¬I¹ªª?
JÒCAkeÕ?¶ëðBá@§ŒŒäÍ
nIŹª¥ÝŽx¬§h¢ÍI
ã¹€»ÍãCäo§ŒŒäÍ{¬I¹ªÀsêvCöu§ŒŒäÍ·väou§Œ
ŒäÍ
nÍ·vÀsBávžmn\BÊo®Â
nÍ·I͹CÅD¬u§
ŒŒä|§h¢ÍvBá¥Í¬INêy¥ç¬GßÌ»Iâ¬AÀàVœÎC¥Éïè
³mI¹ªBácͬIoû¥ÂQ°åIÍûàsCêyIèçÉ×¢ïCÅT^
IáqA¥ìüFIffÍäoküFI¹§ÏzÍBOC^±Í¬ÀLŸm
IIêyCá@¬ü¹Qöá¢A¬ünº
wAªU¬ü_cÔIó?¹B
NêyäoIêymèãCBIû@¥Ýn€ãªiʪͷCön€IžmxðA
æe¿ÊªÊBêʧŸCn€IäáÚúåCú\œfͬI]Èî`Cʪ
oÒIÍ·çAú·BåäáÚn€sÕæŸCŠgL¹CçÒLœÒ
IâèCá@ͬÂ\LœªxA¬ãSÎ@œvZAGß«Ì»CsðgÊ
ªÊ?¶ácöxIë·Bͬpãà CwÍxyw]xñÀñ¡Ó:
uÍvÓ|?ÍC§u]vÓ|·]C§ÃlÈu
vìÍCuÍ
vCâi·]
×u]
vG§ìk©ãöuÍ
vŽ
FÎ?§âiu?ÍvC§u]
vö× Å·Í
§âiu·]vCãAkûÍìâiV×uÍvCìûÍìâiV×u]vB]FÃãw·]C
¡È¬×ͬpB©NŒêÊÈ]âiÄͬBÍFÃãw?ÍC¡È¬×ͬp
BO ÕÈì×æ¡ŒCLÊáOC@??·]B
FÃãͬpC¡œÈ
spCLÊáOC@?
BâF?¬Í¬pCÓ|L£¿úI¬^ͬBOFö?
ê?p?C©ÍOCwüCûI͹BìFú{ͬpBO Cú{ÕÈì
×æ¡ŒB¬åðÚF¬éÍ{¬ü?ì?¬Í¬B€Í¬I
´
¶wIê¢
??C[5]ͬR°dÍIŽöž?¬á?CóvLÁèIûüB@R°n?Ž
öC??ͬœæžŒü?I¬üB[6][7][8]ͬž¹?ün?á?¬?CŒÍûC
Ž¬?Haósêè¥ÅZHaB¬¬ÍìéϬŠCÂ×
¬¬ãSênIœÏ¬
¬CR§Í¬I¬¬î{ã湪ͬIêyIx·BÍ
¬¬RºÊI®
\ŠB±§Ýͬ¶ÔnLe®eéÁèI¶šQCŽÁïÒå³IÉÊ?
¹kåIädCÀßãS¬×¹ÍìIêåÁFBè
¿¥Ûz{äo?õöxIŸW
äo¯Ê¥r×ÈdCçÂnšíg¬IÌ»èûŠCÈÝ«€û«€
LácdåIe¿BãàãàLärœIåΪªB ÍìãànœR͹N
xråCÍ쬬ßõäon?óÁã
?ÎáC¢¬Íì{ªãRCR±?ÌgŸ
å^
¶Aš³@¶¶CÍLê±?ÝâÎ\ÊãG§Ý®šûÊL@çaÍ
GI¹ÞCNÔçê«øøÈÞÖ¥¶ÔnIã\COÎå¢aåå cå³ÞI
¶©å³çsñíæ²xBãàÍ°?Þ¹åÎòCö§æš
¬¬xrõBààLrœI
ê@ΪB ÍìànœC͹rúª¬¬rÉCLåÊå^ê@Î\IBÍê
?
ÞC͹ÓçL@ÝöÁèAšQãÚCÝ®šL¹a?Cç¥å
ÊÎå¢aåå
¶©å³±§nBàIÍ°ÍϹkœê@ÎCÈ I
¬¬xr
ÉBºàÍìºànœC ¬æÅAA¬¬ÅÉCÍ°ÍÞ¹¹D¿ iŒ¹âIjBãS
ßœNI
¬Ì»CÖ`¬¹¹âIBÍç²Låb¯aì¶âjAšÅ×æ²xB®šûÊ
ë?Aì?êZÈyó¹COçL?AïW
CyâaéÉÞÍûÞB
ÊÝÊÝC I
¬¬xrCÈD¹ðQÍÏBZÝ IlCÝÍûCðí D¬u§ŒŒä|§h¢ÍvBá¥Í¬INêy¥ç¬GßÌ»Iâ¬AÀàVœÎ
C¥Éïè³mI¹ªBácͬIoû¥ÂQ°åIÍûàsCIêyIèçÉ
×¢ïCÅT^IáqA¥ìüFIffÍäoküFI¹§ÏzÍBOC^±
ͬÀLŸmIIêyCá@¬ü¹Qöá¢A¬ünº
wAªU¬ü_cÔI
ó?¹BNêyäoIêymèãCBIû@¥Ýn€ãªiʪͷCön€I
žmxðAæe¿ÊªÊBêʧŸCn€IäáÚúåCú\œfͬI]
Èî`CʪoÒIÍ·çAú·BåäáÚn€sÕæŸCŠgL¹CçÒL
œÒIâèCá@ͬÂ\LœªxA¬ãSÎ@œvZAGß«Ì»
CsðgʪÊ?¶ácöxIë·Bͬpãà CwÍxyw]xñÀñ¡
Ó:uÍvÓ|?ÍC§u]vÓ|·]C§ÃlÈu
vìÍCâi?Í×uÍ
vCâi
·]×u]
vG§ìk©ãöuÍ
vŽ
FÎ?§âiu?ÍvC§u]
vö× Å
·Í§âiu·]vCãAkûÍìâiV×uÍvCìûÍìâiV×u]vB]FÃãw·
]C¡È¬×ͬpB©NŒêÊÈ]âiÄͬBÍFÃãw?ÍC¡È¬×
ͬpBO ÕÈì×æ¡ŒCLÊáOC@??·]B
FÃãͬpC
¡œÈspCLÊáOC@?
BâF?¬Í¬pCÓ|L£¿úI¬^ͬB
OFö?ê?p?C©ÍOCwüCûI͹BìFú{ͬpBO Cú{
ÕÈì×æ¡ŒBͬi]AÍA]ÍA͹CÃâi
AìAÍìCÇnâiâA`AsèÓA
?AÈAåU?j¥©R?üCmAÎI¬
C[1]Êí?W
BÝîvºCÍ
¬¬ünºœÒÝ?ü?ê
ÌVOÖ±¿BͬLð¹ü?êͬB?¬I
ͬÂ\ïíÌìâAx¬Bͬ¥
z?Iê?BͬI
åv©Ž¬æ
~
`¬In\a¬aŽŒ?@nº
??AòÈy©R?áiä@uìj¶
Z»
Bͬ
¶w¥€Í¬IÈwCÎÀw?¥€à?
ÌIÈwBn
O¯
ã
®¢??ͬCsÇÝy?ZãLåÊ?`¬I?ͬB[2][3]ŽŒs¯ãI¬J
Â\¥\?L?ͬI?CÁ?¥Î¯C[4]?ã??ÝKæIs¯œ?
¯ãçÂ\¶ÝBn
ãI
¹L97×C
CŽW
ÍÈ3¶ÝCŽñÈ
OªVñ×uÍClÞÂgpIW
Í?S
¹I0.8%B§€
åªWÝ
kÉAìÉCÈáœuÈynº
I`®¶ÝCAͬ
ÍÈW
I0.0001¶
Ýn
BÝ
zÂsÐzºCn
In\
Ÿ¹¹s?IâBͬIâ
¹©¹ªI~
œZáCR§¹ŒÚ¬ün\OCçLêªI
øüy
߬×nº
BJaáCü¥b«I
¹âCåvÒ¥Ènº
ãͬ
¹
BåªIn\
ÅI¬üCœÎB§ŽéPICAÝåÊßnn\ö᢬
Dœø§×nº
BͬI`¬W
IåvÒ¹×~
yRZáBR§Í¬I
¹ªÊí¹©nCãSRRZáINIìpQ`¬ÎœÍìGͬÊí¥
nšCn¹ªº¬ÀݬçßöᢶNIìpCꌬNIîÊ×~B
NIîʪ×_íBŽê¥ubNIîÊvFÊí×ÎœlHÎCͬÒ
Aðíᢶ?ÏìpCAãSRÍìINIœnvIñtäoŽŒöfC¢¬ü
ÌCöͬIe¿Í¡r¬C¶ÝÔrZG?O¥uÅINIîÊvFLÝ
CœÊVãI€nCsðL?¶NICA¥ÅãͬÝüCmVãCsðÝCœÊ
ãâ~NIìpç¬ãÝCêºá¢¶?ÏìpC§ö×CœÊ¶ÝÔ·Ce¿Í¡
kACÌ»«¬CÌCœÊA×åªÍ¬IuÅINIîÊvBͬäon`
͹Às¥iv«I\CÝ©R?ÔºCãSß
I?ê®ìC¢¬NIAÀ^ãS
?ß·vÔãCÍì`?IüÌBÞŽ¥BVNúœŽINIX¥èûBR
§Í¬süê¬C§¥æ»÷}?\CÊíïx¬a²¬COLkœÍ¬
s~_Âx¬Í¹ûBíÞnͬIêyÒÅCͬª×?¬ÍaO¬ÍB?¬Í
ݬæâi×?¬œCO¬Íݬæâi×O¬œCùs¢?¬œçs¢O¬œ
I€nœæ¥âi׳¬œBà¬Íà¬ÍÌà?ÍCws\¬üCmAü\¬üà
?ÎœÝà?ÁžIͬB??ͬINœÏ¬ÊêÊ?¬CAö\JAZáø?I
^ôpkåBà¬Í¬öåv¥Í¬¬?Iææ·±ÛC?ÝsAvLx¬?üC
§Í
öåÊIö?A?R§ÁžÝà?B@¢ØÍBO¬ÍO¬Í¥wÅ?
¬üCmIͬBO¬ÍݬöR°Lx¬I?üC¬ÊÊíïzzåC¬
ç??BÝͬüCû?ï`¬OpFBn
ãåªÍ¬¢ÞBG?«Í¬
G?«Í¬Ì?[«Í¬A?ßÍCwͬÝÍ
G?CÍ
f¬AÍ°IG?
¯?Ê??Ÿ?l{C¬^@åª??¥õ??B5VIå¯[35]Bõ??K1IIIIòFVP¯
?húÜÊ°l?`¯QÈìA?hñ^?hlV?[22]Cõx??Ÿ?70{[36]Cn
331}10õN[24]B
õ??F1VIlFP¯E?Œ¢?ïbiAlchibajC?n48.7}0.1õN[24]B?¯õ?ÈOV?ü
ú?»Cv?¥õ??¯CAXÂ\¥ÀÁ^̯C@Ê?¥@ÒCÄ?¯Ì?Ê??Ÿ?1.39{[37]
B`?¯?cE??Ý??I[ãû[17]B?hOOCõ??F2VI©å¯¶çã\??E[
17]C?Ê?Ÿ?1.52{Cõx4.87{CŸ?n?59õN[38]B?¯L?¹âûÕ??CŽêus3.5V
¶?ÊCà·x?GŽñu?150V¶?Ê[39][40]5.21?¯I?Be¯?¹ã\???[17]C^
¯ÌHR 4691µÊb[41]Cn
420}10õN[24]Cõ??B8VBõ?I??Ë?\Ÿ?¯L¯ü
ÕCÂ\¥õwo¯œœ?P¯?¬I¬¯nC^å¯uÜV¶?ÊCö?üú350NBHR
u 4691ç¥o¯C寥õ??K0œG3IVn
ãI
¹L97×C
CŽW
ÍÈ3¶ÝCŽ
pIW
Í?S
¹I0.8%B
§€
åªWÝkÉAìÉCÈáœuÈynº
I`®¶ÝCAͬ
ÍÈW
I0.0001¶Ýn
BÝ
zÂs
ÐzºCn
In\
Ÿ¹¹s?IâBͬI⹩¹ªI~
œZáCR§¹ŒÚ¬ün\OCçLê
ªI
øüy߬×nº
BJaáCü¥b«I
¹âCåvÒ¥Ènº
ãͬ
¹BåªIn\
ÅI¬ü
CœÎB§ŽéPICAÝåÊßnn\ö᢬
Dœø§×nº
BͬI`¬W
IåvÒ¹×~
yRZáBR
§Í¬I¹ªÊí¹©nCãSRRZáINIìpQ`¬ÎœÍìGͬÊí¥nšCn¹ªº¬Àݬçß
öᢶNIìpCꌬNIîÊ×~BNIîʪ×_íBŽê¥ubNIîÊvFÊí×ÎœlHÎCͬÒ
Aðíᢶ?ÏìpCAãSRÍìINIœnvIñtäoŽŒöfC¢¬üÌCöͬIe¿Í¡r¬C¶ÝÔ
rZG?O¥uÅINIîÊvFLÝCœÊVãI€nCsðL?¶NICA¥ÅãͬÝüCmVãCsðÝCœÊã
â~NIìpç¬ãÝCêºá¢¶?ÏìpC§ö×CœÊ¶ÝÔ·Ce¿Í¡kACÌ»«¬CÌCœÊA×åªÍ¬I
uÅINIîÊvBͬäon`͹Às¥iv«I\CÝ©R?ÔºCãSß
I?ê®ìC¢¬NIAÀ^ãS?ß·v
ÔãCÍì`?IüÌBÞŽ¥BVNúœŽINIX¥èûBR§Í¬süê¬C§¥æ»÷}?\CÊíï
x¬a²¬COLkœÍ¬s~_Âx¬Í¹ûBíÞnͬIêyÒÅCͬª×?¬ÍaO¬ÍB?¬Íݬæâi×
?¬œCO¬Íݬæâi×O¬œCùs¢?¬œçs¢O¬œI€nœæ¥âi׳¬à¬Íà¬ÍÌà?ÍCws
\¬üCmAü\¬üà?ÎœÝà?ÁžIͬB??ͬINœÏ¬ÊêÊ?¬CAö\JAZáø?I^ôpkåBà
¬Í¬öåv¥Í¬¬?Iææ·±ÛC?ÝsAvLx¬?üC§Í
öåÊIö?A?R§ÁžÝà?B@¢ØÍ
BÍO¬Í¥wÅ?¬üCmIͬBO¬ÍݬöR°Lx¬I?üC¬ÊÊíïzzåC¬öç??BÝͬüCû
?ï`¬OpFBn
ãåªÍ¬¢ÞBG?«Í¬G?«Í¬Ì?[«Í¬A?ßÍCwͬÝÍ
G?CÍ
f¬
AÍ°IG?
G?C`¬
¬Cr^
z?B??ͬÊí¬?·±ÛIææC§NœÏ¬Ê?¬CAö\JAZáø
?I^ôpkåB??öl??ͬI?xø
AB¬ïgíNͬ?¬G?«Í¬Bͬ·xäo¹ªÍ¬·xIvZ¥ê
k¢ïICäoNêyi͹jAIêyioCûAÎAœŽŒÍ¬jÊuIFèCÈy_ÒVÔã`·xIʪû@äožxFLèW
Bçö×@C¢EåÍIrŒ??à¥_sxB^Iͬ¥Rœx¬bW§¬C§?x¬{gÂ\祜ŽŒX¬x¬
bW§¬C@{¬yLx¬Iã`âi×
nBå«R{¬y?xsLŽ¹ªCA ÛµáWÈ£IêyÅI¹ªácì®
Â
nI¹ªCR|ì×NêyÊŸIͬ·xÅ·CAácì®Â
nIÍ·BêʧŸC
nI¹ªðÝ{¬INêyœ¥Žã
à|Cá³ÁÊwèCͬͷäo
nÍ·¯`Bá@ò
Í{¬INêy×ò
ÍAÂò
ͬ|C§®Â
nI¹ª
ÝŽãàCá³ÁÊwèCuò
Í·vŠwuò
Í
nÍ·vC§ñw{¬iŠŒâi×ò
ÍIßêijÍ·Bá¥
nI¹ªäo
{¬I¹ªª?JÒCAkeÕ?¶ëðBá@§ŒŒäÍ
nIŹª¥ÝŽx¬§h¢ÍIã¹€»ÍãCäo§ŒŒä
Í{¬I¹ªÀsêvCöu§ŒŒäÍ·väou§ŒŒäÍ
nÍ·vÀsBávžmn\BÊo®Â
nÍ·I͹CÅ
ÍIzDìnûCúèËÄx᢮U?CA¶Õ¢IÌ倲T§^
úè˹Cm~¹¬àBês
lí̶բCÅ
œÝ€²IÆ¿ºNBç¬ãI€²ðcãCeûã\€¢¹œ¯õÏAúèI?
jCr¥õÏ€ŸåÚÞtFDÖIÁ§BðcClìÄðõÏкIåCüLúæñácN
Ièh¢Vn??úÎRû\ŽÊBÅ
œ©èÌúwOC×¹ºaÛìÅ
œCRRGA~¢AçãÙA
±fªAáâlàèÌAžèËèÓäfzAö€çÏàìVqg
€g§¬Iuúªàvöa¶BÝ€ãS
?fzR?úî×À¶R¬ÈžsãCªàü¹¢?áæ?CÝY|ö㹌à×lIU?Bùv?åÆ
ŠSAÀàÕ©êlj?ÃV§ÂICÈöæéüsèËV£§ºIàõiü¹?àXÑ
z§À
ðïBæžèË€@MÁ¢¡\ŒìIDÇaâXšCªàsßÀ¹¢Ö¿RuBg
Ýün¹
úIUfCÀ€©Å
œèãŽ×ÈLBÅ
œöS¶OªCARGsè£JålA
笎¯sC_l£à¥ãœVHBäo¯CóõÏyFDŒà×lP?ªàg
EQCÀ?
˹~¢açãÙB±fªAàèÌAèÓäfz¥èæîçFà×lI?üŸ BÝ@vXÑIç²?C~¢äoçãÙ
æáŸlU?à×lVÛŠ¹oÒCÀ?iXÑ?CÝXÑ¡a÷üFB±fªAàèÌAèÓäfzÝ@
vXÑ¡QûälCÈᢻ¹nVéŠA@ÍÌŸåÚÞtùvBùvmðŒìûä
lœÀ³C¥llÖOŸ €óDÚIZCŽnFéxÇaðð~oÒBóDÚñ¯±
fªAàèÌyèÓäfzlèÝÓ¹?JIhCùv¥ônOQXœIºÍB¹?JíFDÖIà×l
åRddï¡CAùv笊æñRCÅs¹à×lB÷läoӶ᢮U?CFDÖ¢Ý^U
BùvAóDÚêsl笊Òähi¯FDÖk»BFDF©ÈƺIßöBùvüDDŒI
nÊaåIÍÊB~¢açãÙIdàBADïIçãÙM¹^»
CêÂFDÖäoõÏð·u§IHï?
?š®gõÏF×FDÖßãSSúLÒC¥Ã¹çãÙæöB€ÒÄÕåðÚF€ÒÄÕ
ÝOœIHãCÅ
œaRGß¹©±ÖsÐæîŒìI??CÀvŒæÌŒìiüœBÝÄð
œåå³@ÊsãC??ñcnêN×lmI¬HããO??wŸ¹Å
œCŽæüwår
I
vÇŒÍzVFBír
ùãCÅ
œÅgSBARGÒ¥ßêlVÍÅs¹r
BRGæ¹úwCN©
È£J©ÈIålBŒà×lᢻ¹Å
œIréCRGËᢜŽü¥žÓ¯CÀñ^IBÅ
œç¬
ãíæŒÍzVFVCRG¥ºèSvm~ŒBõÏöWJU?Cùv¥OÄßzñÍzx
çÏàìBÄßzñÍzlÊ^ÌCçÏàìÝ?êè÷^m»ÎI?TºCóõÏIe¿§?]n©E¹B±fªA
èÓäfzaàèÌãSSÒV¹ÊöC±fªÝY|¢W\wüºŒö³ø§s\ŽxISèËRàCÈ
ºŒöãåáIŒ`¿ŒìŠCÈðŒìÃVIæfîBRà?Œ?s¹sÐNªìöIVbC
XBíðúIìöl¯ŸRºÁüìDCÝ?øœm~¹íddï¡IÄßzñÍzBRG~o
¹Å
œC_lÖããOœI·öBÝÚßúR¬CÅ
œIgéúÒú?ãCRG¥êŒÝÓ?
ŒB¯CœüKFååOWJIVDéŠãCö?Ÿ¯¿RsÚêØnäoÉÊœŸÁlIõÏåRìDC
€õÏIÓÍnúR¬çzÚJÒBûälÅIÒúÎRIç²ECÅ
œÈï?sZúIUf
CŒw©È¥úwIålB??Äx»gCaÅ
œà¥DßúwB??ùº¹Å
œIèwaúCÈö
{üÎRC¯úêêgÎCBÝúíÊI¯CõÏírÅCŽRà¢ðAŒI»×èì²Aú
èËÁSCúVðÁ¥©¹B±fªí×ÉÍFC±¢ø?öV€CÀa©Èê¶I€??€²
V±?¬¥Bäo¯CFDÖnÄÖŠ¹oÒCÀzð¹Ä¢BlŒñÆ?Iûälá¢NŸÌC|¹
FDÖI¡BFDÖÝ©ÈæOIllIŸèºC§IŸÅãçíè·äÁ|ûèD¹«œBuúVðv
ÖÝÅ
œIÆåûcº¹åêyB~¢açãÙílì×pYBRG¥p¹MÁ¢¡\IâXšd¹Ä¢C
Àa¬?E?Ú?üg~BÅ
œgASèËóInF¢NBôNãCÝùvAä¢lIººCÅ
œ©D`ÝüŒqsCOå«B¬?ߢãCRGsŒ«gçtB¹ŒIZÉføCLÚä¢
AÅ
œARGAçãÙA~¢I`èšÌBì×¢ÔͶIÅãêÊúLlCRGç¬ãqüŒûICO
å«CÅIäoÅ
œd§BIAh¹Å
œBÝÅ
œIšúÒúdVÛC±fªæÌûälO ¥^FåÜ ÆCåvRÊì^IC^`åŒy_ÂnC׌Œ¢aT?¬B`åkûI¢¢Úz
Rnœäo@ AmAnÈyzÛò±ÚßCŽÌyï¡_Â÷^ Æ??¹nøaäÚªyêÂåÜé ??n
¢ŒRm£C§ÝmiLÀážÁøÎÎÈI`åªg?«OÌyBS sãcª×20ÂœæiŽ5Âש¡
œjA110ÂÈäo8,100ÂésBñs×
nC`å€ Ý1870NñsÝuÝC§mÑi1861N|1865NjyÅ???i1865
N|1870Njç\¥`å€ IñsBª2017N??C`ålû×6,059äÝCÌyÊÏ×301,338œûö¢Clû§x??
œûö¢201.1lC¢?ænC^óB`å¥^Flûæ5œI ÆClûÝ¢EãrŒæ23ÊB`åöŽiLüíI
©Rõa×É?œIlÞ¶»â?§íâi×üíI x»¡I`ånœ¥ÈO^F¯°y¶»IâÕC\sço
n¶
»yÉÁfzª¶ŸC§`åIñs
nCô¢IÈÒs¥Œû¢EI¡SCç\é IñsBác
né Ý
ŒI¡¢ðãC`åó¹œO°üNCïÏbêlAFúºlúšÖ¯°CVãÒLøÖlB`èëé \ê
xdV?Ì`ånœBÝ14¢IãC`åçz§¬×¶åY»Iᢹn[7]C§¶åY»^Fe¿[Cæš^FvzOi¹
êå?B`åߪôל€ äoéMCAÅIÝ1871N¬×êI`å€ i¹¹nøj[8]B`åB¯é ?ô
¥Ý1942Næñ¢EåDúCñnõ¢ò¡ºI`å€ Ì¬êÂnCé CcšÍÍ¡Lkñiä± A
ËòŒ±jAñiï±AõnAßõä±jAb¢²i¢¢bò±AB¢nñ±AÖÁ?F
A
n±àÕ§ ŒAó
äcA
úºäo\ñQja@ ìi²ÍÈIÌyAÈŒÃA[FjC§iL VÃIdE[9]B1945NCnõ¢ò
§I`åÐð€a í¿R??C`åÝñDãCE¹Nå§C`å€ ÅSC§¹»ÝI`å€a BD
ãª1947NbêtaœñCÓåB¯é IB`åçÝ¡A¶»AÈ{AçÎÃq¶A³çAéçAåYpA®A@³A
¿AdeAzAãSàZy¹ÙûÊïLdvIe¿ÍBÄ¥`åIãSàZyHÆSCª2009NS
êŸÄ@gDi
Global Language MonitorjI¿[10]C祢E®VsBÝ2007N¢K`åIVqlÉÊ¢Eæ5ÊCã`€Žß4,3
70äÝlI ÛVq¢K[11]C§
n¥¥^¿ Ææ3œVq¢KIés[12]CçíF×¢EãÅüíI\åÃéVê[1
3]BÐòz¥íF×¥¢EãÅüíIésCsRññt`eu³^¥¢EãÅüíIl¢ésv[14]B
IT§\ÍB[3]€©ós??¥??Ó?ãIû?¿ÌC§¥ê¢¬?
°¯å§Iöæ€?ÆCÐïEãÙ?¥??A¶
»AÈZ?¥?ãI¬As?kI
yB€ãb¶gß`¬®®I\?§n?hC€ãIn?¥]€ã??¥
?ü¶ŸÐïÈ@Iæê¢???WúBèH?I???SCZ?ÜÊCÅïã\Is?¥Â?è?Cd? 875 öÒIgi
I?Z?
œB@?úó¢Ee?}IáIía??CÁ?¥??CÝ€ãAß?\¶?oi¿DíIs?CåI
?»©íIìVa?»?ê?iI?VIo?Cs¥?åÊoS§?sI¶?B€ið?çß?WN¥p?CÝ€ã?ú?o?¹?
å€a ¥êÂcð§¯å€a C¥êÂßJᢠÆC¢EµåHÆ VêCÅÀo¶nwɥݢErŒæ8Œ[15]B
`åÝ2017NlÞá¢WwÉñ\¥Œñæ28Ê[16]CÀiLxlÏ ?¶?ã`z[17][18]Bª ?¶?ã`zäowÍ
œJ ?¶?ã`?IÉC`åªÊ¥¢Eæ8åäoæ10åãSàZé[19]B`åI{aZàz¥¥Ê¢Eæ5Ê[20]B`
å¥kåŒmöña^¿Innðõ C祵åHÆ W£A20 W£a¬õVêB`åçÒäoãSàZì?á¢WgD
A¢EfÕgDA^FcðAŒ^ü¿y^FnVSiCentral European InitiativejB`åçÒÁ\ªŠcC祢E¢E
haZàzæ9I ƪkñIjíB`åÝ^FyS
IRA¶»aOð±¯dvIpFCñs
n
¥¥¢Eã¡y¶»ïLdve¿ÍIésC¢E㜌I@\Cá@ Û_Æá¢WîàðiInternational Fun
d for Agricultural Developmentj[21]AS
Ýn_diGlocal Forumj[22]A¢EÆHvcyü ÆHy_ÆgDIã`
sÝÝ
nB`åçiL?I³çwÉA§®Ílû[23]yPoàz[24]BlÏaúæœrŒ¢Eæ11Ê[25]BçÎ
ÃÛnÝ2000Ní¢Eq¶gD]ä×¢Eæ2B`åç¥êÂS
»I Æ[26]B`åI ÆivJ?Ý2009N
Œñ¢Eæ6Ê[27]B`åÝåYpAÈ{aZpãiLIvIBC2017N€L53|¢Eâ?C¥iLÅœ¢Eâ?I
œEbàziFrodo BagginsjFêŒÒ©Ä¢xLIûälC©ä¢èã³¹žúBÌêJnCÅ
œÖw¹ÊúIdCB
RGEû¥giSamwise Gamgee "Sam"jFÅ?œI?C¯Å?œOúÎRBçiÑE€içãÙCPeregrin Took "Pippin"jFNçjßS
dC¥Å
œI\?Bãç¬Ã¹vBöÄßzñÍzéÆB~¢ëBEóði~¢CMeriadoc Brandybuck "Merry"jFãàŸá¶ÓCÅ
œI\?Bãæî笟 €ªöDêBä?EbàziBilbo BagginsjF\¥úLÒCÅ?œIffC¯ºúÅ
œã³BTèšÆ
A?lAìÆB??iGollumjF{Œ?jêm÷iSmeagoljB\¥è·äÁOxnIj€¢lœ¯C¥ä¢VOIúLÒB?úíŽ
ÍÊzø§ÖC¢¬ÔdliCl[ÞsMCBç°ëùviGandalrandirjFêJnoê¥DåÚÞtCæéü±[£ÀD
ã¬×åÚÞtCããRüKÚÍBŒLkœŒCŽžèËâiŒìÄzBBFDÖiSarumanjFåÚÞtCç¥u¹cðvIc·Bä
hiDsãCÝÄ¢ŽllIŸãBõÏiSauronjFüKÃV€CœiMordorjINåCžúIålBŒÈåªÍÊÅ¢ož
úC©ºŒöcúnŒèã?ºCŒIèË°íoâCbfœ?C¥×Á iRadagastjFåÚÞtBü?ÀFo?°ž
?ó?ª?jVCºÅ°ž?€ëCó¶º?¢üIŒÀB?ì?Ì¥C??é?sïÃÃ?ßB?p©ÈIÍÊ}N¹ü?ÀI
??CüLÍÊ??°?Iœ¥öœ?ËnICË\Ê?CÛ?«ÝŽ?i?ÀHBÝëíáâl?@C?ößÉ??¹ä??
CŒ?I€í??Bãq?IOÊÞ?Cóñ?ëC?¥ŒûVåºzÍê°B??éwP?€ÒÄ?Cé€{?y
N\BiŽsžèËèrtLÞtŠ×ç°ëBjžèËèÓäfziLegolas nleafjF¥HçÑIžèË€àìÂÉVqCûpS?úkCú
ªà¬õB±?iArwenjF¶Õ¢IžèËöåé¯Cº?²úºVCãÒÅ?±fªCúü¹žèËIi¶C¬×lÞBMÁ¢iGaladrielj
F??ÑXÑIž?€ CêŒxªàCÀo¹âXšªŒ¬õB€²ilrondjF¶Õ¢Iž??åC±?IeBêŒ}ç±f
ª·å¬lBáâlàèÌiGimlijF
¹VqC©nIa±fªA÷fzÀšìDCÅã¬×÷fzIDFB
¹iGloinjF¯ä?ê
NOÇRÁÅ??C?ñ®°áâl?óCóQÁ¹?lCaž?Cl?ê¯ÁÅŒ?lCç?ÒŒIEžC÷¬ŒAC¬?ê¢óåÆ
žhIlBbÑFç¥ä?`??I¯ºB@Œø?¹??·÷l÷?iTreebeardjFä?XÑ¡I÷liEntjñÌCŠÌ÷lQU
º¹FDÖIähiBlÞ¢f?iAragornjFwÖø¢lAönnBlCºŒöæO\ãã?q?C¬ói2??j?i±fŒj
íGlEQCíê??¶Õ¢?žèË€€²IÝ?CÀíæŒ?€teljCh?Ñ?ó]IÓvB20??Ÿmg¢Cãö
žèËöå±?À€ã?Bœ¢ðãC¬×öa±¢ø €À¯}W±??iBoromirjF???€çÏàì·qCà×lûºB
@fÄ?iFaramirjF???€çÏàìqCDã}W¹ŸIÉ¢·BiDenethorjF???€Cg
A@fnIeCÓOí
°gSBÇ?iTheodenjFŸI€CDö?øœŽDðBÉ^niEomerjFóDÚIOCúå?O×é~RæO³Cå
?@¬×Ÿ€BÉ¢·iEowynjFóDÚIOCÉ^nI
CÅ?@fÄ?BóDúºiTheodredjFóDÚVqCähÍnûB
Ý1930NãI^êVCJEREREï¢àÝáü{¶IlÉÅê£CŒËá¢èËŽCÝ㺹uÝnêŽZêÊûälvI
åBácIï¢à®smûälלšCŒæSŸÅDMŽ^ûäl·YõéCÖJnüwqìuqLèûälIà¢ç²ÌCÀc±Ì
LqºÒB1937N9CsûältêRª¡EäÏäoV?oÅÐoÅCåóæ€ÒIc}[B©nsûältoÅãCoÅ€jREV?Ös
Ðncäoãï¢àoãWBï¢àÝ1937N1216úV?IM\ŠCLKvïsûältIãWCAŒÒsm¹vY@œá¢Wº
GsßZZôVVãI1219úCï¢àÄxvMV?\ŠßL¹dåiWCŒ®VûälÌIæêÍ[7]:158-159BŒN3
4úCï¢àßüKRmo»Iª[7]:166B1938N6Cï¢àêxÐìCêÂãããCŒèÈä¢Iúwì×®ÂÌ
IåèC¯N7A8Cï¢àúIwiüußê~evêß?B8Cï¢àêÆlàúºzsxïCï¢àÝiWr×õ¬C
Ìôn·XIªCácÅ
œIpF©ìuoÊvC§_sq¥¥ÂŒ©uÁÁvIûälBácNHVCï¢àèÂÌè Œ×sútB1939N9CŒßûälïB¶Õ¢Iª[8]Bªï¢à{lI?@CÝ1939Næñ¢EåDá¢Cïsút
IixÌŸXÁÉB1941NCŒË¹úªàïB
z§ÀaÀsöÍIª44NCï¢àu©ÈvïÅ
œO
œI·öCÅãŒÕï¹ÜNõAËã`Z®¬¹sútIÇ[9]BÃIVéäo¬wð?¥çÛ¶wÐèúãÚðIåvênBnìV
éPCï¢àÒðÝçÛ¶wÐIãÚðãNæ€sútOÈI?eCŸ¹CESEHÕzlIÛaxBAÝ1947NtVCR¬õVêI
JÊEÕXIÛCæšçÛ¶wÐï¢àIxLžÞG¬õVêIØÏEHÕzúL¹ácVIî`Fu¡?IãÚðÒÁæûôBH
ÕzaäAï¢àAûÅçζAhólsoȹCï¢à³N怌IìiCÕXÒ¹CRãsgÛÜBäæSŸksöœCAï¢àsŸ
sâ~?æ€v[7][10]BsßÝÉNãsú»gtoÅVCï¢àÒ¥ÝYàÅãèuàÙçÛ¶wÐvCÀðç×?Fuö׌ìßãSÏ
SnããßC§ImL»ïCôÁgäå^ÝŒìÂhIcæß¡¥ÛLûälI187BsútOÈSIêv«C³®
¬1949NIHVCRtsNÅïC®ìiï¢àseèÅ_ÕCLᱪrÉÕCÅHìSs¥ÝêÔó¬têI°ã
®¬IBï¢àÝ1949NÄSI¶@{ZØZúÔ®¬¹åªsútICüHìBácCESEHÕzæ€ßï¢àŒÅIsútÅ
eãŽå×CÀ\ŠFu?Ât?SÕïÝ{ãC查³mIBv[7]zVíØÏEHÕzÝOüV?sútæ€
®Câiæ«?u^¥ÌåIìiv[8]:165Bï¢à\ÝoÅ€V?IM?Fu¥ä¶œaIÃãÚCäßâá¶\Bsút®ã
Cï¢àÅZŽæ®¬IsžèËèrtê¯oÅCaª¡EäÏäoV?oÅÐêû?¶¹?©C1949Nï¢àrêx?æKÊÆo
ÅÐÒ¯oÅ_{GAŒÅIÒ¥úü¹äosžèËèrt¯oÅIz@CæîV?Ê[7][10]B1951NCï¢àäoª¡EäÏäoV?
ÅÐñèÔû€{oÅILCŽR¥ácoÅ€F×sútIoÅð
èA[10]B1952N622úï¢à³®sút³ð
ª¡EäÏäoV?[10]CRácñDßã£\ªVMC{ÒoÅ€cvsút?eÈk¬¬{xoCAï¢à?¹Â¿[11
]GR§RÑ·CoÅ€Ò¥èªOªoÅYBO_Ésú»gtasÔéïdtªÊ1954N729úa1111úoÅC§s€Ò
ÄÕt¥1955N1020úoÅ[10]B©1954Np¶ŽÅÅÈCsútÝ¢EeŸIs¯Å{oÅ[8]B1965NCü Iu€i
€öivp@¥RŽCoŹê¢ãSöÜIsútœåäÅCñüó¹15äÝ{GácãSï¢àöÜIoÅ€bÏöiÁÊ¿ï¢àÝ
¬?JªÁãêÑOŸCÈaXÅÐìœÊ[¶æ¡{sútOÈI¶?{€LZµíÅ{Vœ[13]CåvLF£UAAå¯
A£œæ¡CäiàsüãSoÅöi1998NÅBÅácç÷ÊÀsÀCÝON?ÍSoOç
[14]Bé{æ¡CäiàsüãSoÅöi2001NÅB×z
sútdeIãf§oIÅ{[14]§åæÌB2012NüãSoiSVCùæ¡{jBé{æ¡Cìæ¡ÑoÅÐ2013NÅ[13]B?öAÎ
ÌAm??CãCl¯oÅÐ2014NÅ[15][16]BY{Rû¹Ã¶|æ¡åv?eCmå]Ó|æ¡ÌCÎÌÓ|æ¡ŸA?Aõ
øª[17][18]BêÄÝp
ÎXaælp¹?I[I®CsútíI×20¢IVB1999NCsútí±n»öi[I×
_çNÈÒÅdvIÐ[]BÝs?úduñtš?Iê[I®CsútlI×Åóæ€Òì€ICï¢àçlIÅóì€
IìÆB_ÂãCÝÅ¢^{ðjŽðõI²?CsútŸO眣I[CŒñæêCrÝsüäoΩtasò÷éP¶?tìi
VO[8]:212BÝ2003Np Adöiuå?æ€v®[IIuLjÈÅóæ€Òì?I¬?vCsútOÈ?Ÿ17.4äÝ£I[iã`€èS
I[I23jCŒñÔñCrÝsüäoΩtiæñŒjasüKÚ?OÈtiæOŒjVO[21][22][23]:134Bï¢àV·æÎåEï¢àÝŸ
mÊã\ŠFï¢à¶Ok^SŽìisílðC§ID¥uäêê?CñíAñídvv[21]BÝ2015NRp Adöiå
?A82Ê]Æ[IoIup ÅÌåI100¬?vCsútrÝæ26Œnñ¬?â¢ãS
Iﶶ»æÒ¹åIe¿B¡s
útßÝS
æÌo1œûCÀí|桬60œíêŸCS
æ€ßsútIlLêlÈãCsÐÝúÁ[12][20][25]BœŒlF\ª
sútInÊC@ü æ44Cã`úbn[20]Bsút¬?¬×㢜ìÆÁ@IÛCúæ¡Òé{\ŠFÝü ?NoÅI _{œåä¬?CLŽßlªVêIìiŒÚœÔÚIaï¢àLèüB}élä£äÚãNEjHfÛä¢ÝsRññt]ã\ŠFu
Lï¢àCäì³@zðLûgÁIMªBv[12]BsûgÁtìÒJEKE
Ô{l¥\ŠFuä14?AJn?æ€sútBsûgÁt
ÅãêÉ?Cä¹RF?©ÈsïŽzï¢àCŒIìi¢LSVIêŸa_bC§äI¶¢E¡vL±ŒB[
§ü Œ°|¬?ìÆjäÚäEà³FŒIìisüKÃtLó¹s25][26]Bü ï¶ìƪ¡EREREnç\Šsút
uùvVvIãSTŽi[[e¿¹ŒIì[27]BÝ60NãCï¢àIŒÒíæüü ÂN¶»Iå¬CâªlÙàrvá`s
ú»gtdeCÀ^CåvõCÝácuxùvácã`vœuÅ
œÒvêÞIWêç¬|Â¥f?vEbó??I1978N
Iü?æï¶?e[4][5]Cü?©JEREREï?àIÃTï¶j?sútCîú?gtCÈysoéï?tIOŒBÌwi?
Ýyå?C?î??ûälAž?Al?AáâlaÞ??I?ú¯¿W?BŒ?¥ãªöCÍ?üKÃNõ?Å¢IžúC
ó?Ûõ?I??s\ŸçBf?vEbó??ü?e?AÚGï?àI¬?Cæ@œÅZ«V¬?æ?eCAꌧÐlõ
?EH¶?a§Ðöi?üñ?à@ËŸÈ??B{ÐÈåÊÑpe?`Z??ŒC??æÈ^l?CÄR?æ?«V?`¬?
æCc???æa?`^l???B[4]eÐIz¹?ïõ?A?ËEqÁA??Eif?GElzCÈyös¯
å?t¬
ŒIÀ?òEOò?zB?e?{NR¢zENÑ??CVE?iüÊBsw?€tÝ€?ã?Ÿ¬÷CA??ÁJ?sêC
óçvL³®I?ì?®V@IÌBs?C{Ð?ÞŸE^??¶¹e?C?±e?Ýsw?€F?úgÒtIDVDL???Ÿ
yå?æñ?³úCž?? ?}l?¢¹9?äúCáâl?åL7Cž?€3BüKÃNõ??Ýsv@§ìožú
BÅ@¯¿?ð?©@CžúüºŒ?€qVèBºŒ?sv@?Œ?l?Cžú°¥ÝÀsöÍê?¹Ž?2500N
B
??IÚCõ?sA?æ¹}lI9?äúC?§ìoú?Búº÷??žúCAüFj÷?Cj÷V@¬?
??BSN@Cä?Ebàzž??è柞úCä?ÝÄ??¶CÞ?ùv?Œ«žúð?Å?œEbà
zCä?¯Ó@??¹Ä?B?¹17NCùv??×??Íß???žú³ÝbàzèBùvQÅ?œCmúI
?jCÈyL?úwï?Ië?BÅ?œ°¥??©ÈIÆC?
ú¯?O3ÊûälüFiª?¥çiÑE?A~¢ë?
EóðaRGEû¥gjêNãHBžú?躢Š@C4¢ûäl?zCÄÝ?f?I¯ºO¶Õ?BÅ?œÝ?]?íñ
Èú?h?CóÝO¶Õ?Ir¶aB?f?ês^ž?@svCú?ǹãCoûÝz?ìÍ?³Cú?Å@í
Í
ÉBÅ?œÝ¶Õ?Ÿ?²I¡?CóÄ??ž??Ö躊¶IùvB??ÖÅZ¯õ??¿CAçé?Æ?
žúBä?AùvlÝï?ãA@œ?žúW??CÅ?œ©ÃOœ?úB@CÅ?œ^8Œ¯ºêNž
¶Õ?ãHCŒI¯ºª?¥FùvA¢f?AgqjAèÓäfzAà?CÈyNA¯Å?œ¶Õ?I3ÊälB
?ú¯¿ÅZú?À?RãõCAHö\áójC?óóŒ?lIU?Cùvæéü[»C^W?å?BŽŒ¬??
???ž?ð?`?z§ÀCR°g?é?œè\CöÅ?œrèÆ©OsCARG?v¯Å?œãHB
ÚºCg??~~¢ë?açiѧíŒ?l?BÅZ?~¢ë?açiÑr?ŸOähiB?ŒíØIû
älÝr¬÷ŠEó??@?XÑCÝ?¢??¹?ÓB?aèÓäfz???~~¢ë?açiÑCóæî?l?ü
@?XÑC3lÓO¯Ã¹vïCÄêNû°ŸñsÉœ¹vÝ?@?€ó??CŒIq¯³Ê?Ð?G?f?Aà?
aèÓäfz?û°??JBÅ?œaRG????ÝzûSCAÅ?rè?«œCð¥R?HOú
ÎRBó??IºÍÝ??JïR??ÖhIŒ?lCŒÃ¹vŸI?mû°C??Œ?lIå?B20¢?50NãúC³Ý
Á¢Ê?æöiSC?æ?If?vEbóÚGJEREREï?àIÃTï¶j?sútCó°1957N?nwÍ???ŒlC?¢Ì
ÂÈÊ??æ?q[6]B1969NC?ü?ŸsútI?eü?Å?CzRE?z¢a?ËEÛÖiJohn BoormanjÝú?s\??«
VÀã?[3]BiL?Ÿ??çzòöi?L?sútI?eü?Å?CA?óñ@[7]Bj20¢?70NãúC~söLäÉÍ?tiF
ritz the CatjœÊü¬lI?æ?eæŸ[[À?IbóŸmC?üaÛÖLÓ«sútÀã?C§ÛÖ?ÅZ«S3
¬?sZü1?eBbó?\ŠFgä?Ÿ??Œ¥?¹CÛÖImèïãkœàeB?ïLlzv?üï?àIìi?H ñ±€ðJÌÍßÄŸ ¬?sZü1?eBbó?\ŠFgä?Ÿ??Œ¥?¹CÛÖImèïãkœàeB?ïLlzv?üï?àIìi?H
h[8]BÛÖIñ?ó@Cbó¯?üæŸ?nCñ?R©ÈSC?C?3ªŽü?I?æ??D?C§ÛÖ\
???700?I?{C?ävsvÅÅBä?FeßC?¥s¥cS3{?sÊݢʹHfŒ?ñe¥ICs?Œü¹kœàeC
?Á¹pFBŒ?Ý?Á¹±³Ý?I??èÜiAüöjBf°¥ä?Fes¹CäsŹ?Bä?Ÿ?¥sÊ?ŽCŒÚÑ
pï?àÊIä?a?iBfR@Œ??FeD?CfÚº?å^¥?ä?¹Feö?ÛÖÊI?±äçÅs?Bä?vÅ
?Žccä?vß?HvÅBf?v?\Å??CßDC??Bfh???f?vEbó[8]Ä~ݯêïåOà?L?
?CbóQã?Ä~I?ÙOE~?òiDan MelnickjFgä?ŸùR?üsm¹sút¥Ý?Y?Cœ?Œïm¹?h[8]Bb
óa~?ò?¬??CR?üI?E?ÉiMike Medavoyj?ºÛÖI?{BgÛÖI?{00ü³CÈŒk?n
Ýjr?å©åÎCA??ví????ÍI?{ç?¹300ü³Bh[8]A¥C~?òÚºÄ~ðÙCðÕçV[
8]BbóÚºQã\?söLäÉÍ?t?Iõ?EH¶?iSaul ZaentzjC?ŒSCsw?€tIC@ÒÚó¹ç±?B?e§
ì?nOCŽ{ª?3Iü??{??€R?ü??¬?Cbó^ï?àIX¢ŒfiPriscillajA?e?§ïÊCóÝ@
ÒIy?ºÅï?àNÊìa??I[?Bbó\ŠFgäüï?àIX³?ï?ŽBä?Ce??sv??Cü
{??pF?BfäI??¥?¢lFe?A¥ßÊVË?I?Bfh[9]??f?vEbói?°2009N1jf?vEbó\Š
C?e§ì?ööIê¢??Ý°C{Юj?C§j???eïk?BC??öÅåI§?A¥v°Ž[6
]BÊ?ŒlIñ?Cbó\ŠCŒ???eIÚ?Ý°sÂ\ÛŽi?Cgä]L^?IeC?a?æœh[6
]BŒ?\ŠC?esïÜ?lš`ÛI`qCö??±àesÂȌڞ?ãÅFgÝäÅCûälIOeósdvB?¢
l?epFI`ÛsL©ÈIz@C?ä?C^³dvI¥cï?àIz@Û¯ºBÈ???^ï?à?_ñí
dvB?ÝÁùvI@qêLœå?H?æü?°??B@Ê?e\?¬÷CsÇ??ÅÒä?IÊ`ÛCŽŒ
ªsï?ŸÙ??vBh??f?vEbó[6]ïè·?úºEh?iHoward PylejaNECEN. C. WyethjÝàIœÊÃTå?æÆ
??eI???iLkåe?Cbó\ŠC?ãæÆ??e?ivLe?BgLI?eê?C{Ðç«œ??i¬Ý
êNBäì?œ?IwiCçì???«C?ì??x??IFÊBRCDDcT??ÆC?Œ?Iæ?¥¢kåI??B?
v??600¢læoIpFs¥ê¢?qH?Rä?ü°???ÆLêèI©RCA??AïLlÝ?XqCœÒÝX
qã?oê¢pccÝäÅCä?ß?¬÷Y¢o^?Iæ?`ÛC?^?æ®SœBž??px§ŸCä?sÂS~Bh
??f?vEbó[6]??a?W?e?{IúÅ{R¢zENÑiChris Conklingj??[3]CŒŸIwß\ŸÌ¥ž~¢
ë?EóðI?pÈ|???q[10]BÅ?NÑIe@CbóaH¶?rè?ï¶ìÆÞŸE?iiPeter S. Beaglejü
Ê[3][10]Bª??C?iʹœ?eCA?V?L5000ü³C?åv¥ö?H¶?³?CV@LÒöXDI?ÚCêèïQ?i
ôCAH¶?óvLMç??I³?{Ð?Ì?°ï?àIŽCA?¥¶Ýªü?Bbó\ŠCÌI^±³f
Ýü??ögsŸsrÝOCAóvLCœàe^³?¶¹ü?h[6]BÅ?œžÄ?z¢V?I??ÝÐå??CŽ
Œ\Ý?v??IÆâ¯C?`?¹ŒÝÄ?IÆCÈy_éI?GE?bçÊ°VÑI[qCA?±àe?esvLo?B
??CïÅúºÁENÝàI?œlšçAvLo?Bbó?\ŠCVÈȪ?GE?bçêpC¥ö??¢lš^Ì?
WvL?§?nBh[6]?æsw?€tIöé?ºÌCbóÑpgSVI?e§ìZ?hCogæêæoI?eh[6]BÐ
åªàes¥æ?^l??CÄ????¬?æÁÊ[6]B?sA~ṧì¬{C??lšÅNX^?B?æ?jwÆ
^¢E?iJerry BeckjIìs?æ?ewìtiThe Animated Movie GuidejŸ?¹??Æ??EÉ?iMarea BoylanjI?ÁF
gÝÈOC?æ?e?vL`???L¬SãçpFIå?Í?l?ÊBÊ?Ñp??÷Z?CbóÂÈÇçH^l?iI?
???C«Ž??¬?æC??CŒsALÁp¹^l?eI???s?C§çsï?¶???ê^l?eIV¬{
Bh[3]g䞌lûŸmCÝçzò?eoI??ìvkð?BA?sw?€t?Cä??A³í?i\B??÷Z
?\pÝ?œð?I??ãCi?Ij?ì?Ÿ?Ê»BÚºAo?¹??I??F@ÊsÅZ?Ê»Cß±vv¬?æÐ?H cc?¢¹RÑp¹??I??÷Z?CAÑp??Z?Iû@¥ñ??IB?¥ê?Ê??i??C^ÈICœ?Œssê?
CÝ?æ?æ¥ÆêÙñIBsw?€t?¢??Ú?IpFÊñí?lCïo?S¢lšCL±?ÐãrL1000lB?±?
?¥@??CL?êÊ??ÆÔ¹êü?væDê??ÐBÅ@Cß±??I??A¥üL4¢lšI??
bó???a??¬?OŒÇå?^l??Cªç¥Ñp?`Í^ãÖB^?å^???CHï??lvßxC
bó°¥ÝvLmIîvºº?œ?gúŒ?lü`?I??Có«Žp?e[13]B?œ????I??@
??ez¹Bä?EbàzaRGEû¥gI?ìRäEbäÚiBilly Bartyj\Cä³NE??úºiSharon Bairdj?Å?œEbàzI
?ìŽ^C?ËEž¢ziJohn A. Nerisj??ùvI`Ì?ìC?f?I?칩?ÁE?ziWalt RoblesC???¥R?
zEÇf??C??Á?aà?I?ìª?©^¢E¢?EiJeri Lea RayjaÉõE¢¶iAesop Aquarianj[14]B?e?ú?
?§ì¹ê±??æ??[15][16]CAÅ?ÑpIkBÐåªL?œpFœ?lI?iÑp¹s¯IZ?«^l??
??ÃIª?xõCÈ???Xï§ÌŽCOC?LÊ??¯?Ñp¹??Z?B[17]bó\ŠCŒgNóvÅZ«®
?esÈ^lo?CŒÅ??ÁÊkD@Ërè??ôBä?wkœ?ê?öI?ŒCg?Z?A¥ŽVêBL¢?
ßöCöùvlÊœÛIwÊCïHöixAaZÄva{HÇB»¶ÅÈz×åèI¶ìi¥sz\tCR?
?ãIzÆ?Á?ÐÝŒ³ê¢IúB[3]ª?Á?ÐCêÂDIzšäYïõuifirmitasjApiutilitasjAüivenus
tasjvOvfC[4][5]COvfIè`åvã¥wFiÅj - zK{\ÅIáÞ§CÀÛÇDI?Ôpipj - zK{
gpÒñpI÷\üiüæVj - zK{\æšlìŽùúœÀñ¡ŒìIž_?Á?ÐF×ztK{vpá¶SÍÒ»
OvfB¢?äÚÝŒIs_ztêdVFç×¹?Á?ÐIæVêyBŒF×üæVî{ãäoä᧧èC§åäü«Iš
çÝüæV¯¹êèIpFB¢?äÚÒ?C®üIäáçA¥zlÞgéIäáCçA¥?àäáBöCüÅdvI
vf¥šéäog?ÒICÀñVãÈlHû®n¢IGüIª¥êí¢IA©I^BŒ16¢I¢?¢Iìo»VO
\ã¢IVåêztñçêÂzÝvITOFu÷\è`®Bví÷\ä\yüŽÒvdvIæVêyókœlIc
?¢ªlšâÝRãC?óI???CßãIeq?O?@C?Ý?æ?æ¥sÂv?IBä?Ÿv¥vLáCœ¥Ý^¢pF
@qãkãuC??o?Ý?ã?çsï?lLŠâIŽ?BlšL¹d?I?ìAX^?Bh[6]ŒÇåI?e????º
??Cbó?I??R\Å???AŒ¡÷aD?CŒ?ÅZc?±?Ðs?¹C??bóIñÈ?ÌFgv¥??
?ÕI???oCD?ÄçsïL?ŒÇå?e¹Bh[13]^l???®¬@C?¢??IàesíÅóoCR@úÝ?
æ?Ð@ûCR??Æ«??I??æ?ÐãB^l??a?æ??s¥ª?I?¬ª[18]B?e§óêx\ŠF
gÝ?N??à§ì??ei^lQÆia??I?æÐjC??Œ¥?¹Båª?eÝ®¬??Aß?®¬¹CA?ä??
Ë???nBî?WŽ?äI?úC??¬?kN?Cçkì???CŸ??¬?I?ÂÊí¥¢D?CL?¢V?æ?z
vIäcî?ŸNBh[6]bó@Ý?süàÈtiAmerican PopjasÎu??tiFire and Icej?eú???Ñpe?
`Z?CA¥CŒ@\Š©Ès????gp??Z?C??«ŽLI??ì?w?fÞC§s¥ŒÚ«B[19]?E
?iiMike Ploogj^ŽŒœlêNQ^¹{ÐI?æ§ì[20]CŒ?Q^¹ïstiWizards)Ýàœbó?I?æЧ
[20]B¹?sw?€tI?ez?R??úºE?XÖiLeonard RosenmanjìÈBbó{ó]ÐÑp?Ñ?DI¹?CA§Ðlõ?
EH¶??Ý?eÑpÇ·?Cö?ŒÅZÊ?©ÈIﶥÐ?s?Ñ?DI¹?BbóV@\???XÖIz?
C?Ÿ¢Ês¥±?«??B[21]¢àzÁ??ziErnest MathijsjÝsw?€FS
wiºIå?¶»tiLord of the Rings: Popular Cul
ture in Global Contextjê?ʹC?XÖVOIªìiX???LÍCAçLs?VC?ê±RXa?CX??CAp
ãR§?«Csw?€tIz?°Ý????iV??QœtB??z??C?X??yå?ïãRÁFCåvË?°
¹???iï?e¹???jW?ï?àzÛs¯å?al¯I¹?æÉB[22]sw?€tI?e¹?°1978NÊ?o?§?¥Ð?
sBﶥÐ??z¹¯??o?§?¥ÐIÀÊŸåUÅCŽúÁ¹4iàeF??Æ?Cz¢Iú?CùvaÎCŒ
?lºI·öB2001NC¥ÐÈCDi®dV?sC?úÁ¹XœÈÚ µ©àd³20sÅ3lðÄñŸª»êÅàH¢«êÈ¢ ßöCöùvlÊœÛIwÊCïHöixAaZÄva{HÇB»¶ÅÈz×åèI¶ìi¥sz\tCR?
?eIŽèÐŒ?sw?€ñÈtiThe Lord of the Rings Part Ij[8][9]Bbó\ŠC?üöiÇÝŒ®¬?§Hì@mC
?öi??ŒÚ?seÐCósÝé?Hìñy?eÂ\ïL?WCö???LÂ\sïÃÓÔ???e@ÅŒeÐF
gä?Œ?Cs??cñÈ?{¢{Cö?l?ïÈ?©ÈïÅ®®I?eCA??îvóñ@Bä??å?ê?
CAŒ??¥Èsw?€t??¢ÐŒ?sBÈ?e?©?C?@¢I??s?Z¹Cîvää?zI?vCŒ?sÈ?©Èï
Å®®I?eBkœl?ä?C??eêŒsv®C§äç?¥ñFe??Ÿ?Ifh[8]g@ÊLeñÈfOCäz?¢l
sïžd??eBA?ÝvL¹eñÈfC?¢lsú]\ÅS3ŽIÌC?A?¶¹¬Bh[9]sw?€?e¬?t
iThe Film Book of J.R.R. Tolkien's the Lord of the Ringsj?b?R??°1978N1012úoÅC?IàʹRºÌeÐïL?W
[24]Bbó\ŠC@Êݧìú?m¹ï¥??I?ÊCŒ??sï??eBŒÝÚóÑ??ÌC©È???e¥?¹?
ï?àÛ??ìiCgö?äñíì?sw?€tBh[25]bó?\ŠC??e?ŒgtoIäŸIXœBhgi??ej?äÓ
?Cä?iü??êÊìÆIÌjsŽ?ïB?¢Êä^³ÅŽ?ïIA¥c©Èz?IºCœ¥¿Ý[¢vlC??eI
Å@A@œ?Ÿ??C?¥ä¶œÅžÊIªBh[25]œ?[sw?€t?Ÿ¹€?ãI¬÷[26]CÈ400ü³?Z[3]æŸ305
ü³I[[Ÿü[3]B??añŒsw?€t?JÊ?ÅÀ??\??ñŒay¯?ÅÀï¶?e?ñŒ[27][28]B??úºE?XÖ?
ìIz??æ36Íà
?ÅÀŽ?z??ñŒ[29]CbóÝgò?e?ã?à???[30][31]B???ÁeÐ????ÁJ?
sêC???Ì???¥g¶ÝãèCA¹RL
[??Ž?hIìi[3]Bª?ÔÖã€âãŸWI30Ñ??¶ÍÅCŽL1
5Ñ?ogV?hI³Ê?ÁCgV?xh?50%CœÏ?ª5.7iÅ10ªj[32]B€?Eb?iFrank BarrowjÝsD??¹tï¶woC{
ÐgÝTOã_Ê\«C§s¯?íh[3]BsV?ú?tiNewsdayjI?àìvEi?ÄziJoseph Gelmisj??Cg?ÐIåvÅ_Ý°C
C?ik[ 9]BŒö?²åâZ¡
§º÷?[ 10]Cíg°€C?©q[Ò 1]hBs¢{t?g_×[ 11][Ò 2]hC€?ªs??En
ut??Cñnª?Ý¡Íì€uaR??¯ìBBm«?gã[W 30298]Â\w_C?Ÿ€l?Œ§L@?B??úI¶£??_À
@CŽqºŸ?ÊCguÎ[12][Ò 2]hBgºŸ²Cqy§[Ò 1]hBy¥?_@??ŒI€°ñ?Cs¢{EìÑt??Œ???CCg
Ž??Ì?^?LI?æ?esBRs¯h[3]BsÅÁFŸ??te?l?^EºÁ??CbóI?ìigDQŒhC?I
§ÓawÍHì?Ÿ?ÎCAeÐ^Ž¬?I£Ía?ä???sy[33]Bs????tI¶XÁEªäiVincent CanbyjÌCe
Ðgù?lŽØC?l¯º[óÛh[34]Bs??tiNew Yorkj?uIå?E?äiDavid Denbyj??CVOvLÅ?ŽI??
Â\ï?Èð{ÐBÝŒÅC?e?°üKÃC§ãRHàÒCg??e?ª?õ§|ÙÓ?I\ÍÅ@?äù??CŽØ
æÍsBh[35]?æ?jwÆ??Eb¢?iMichael Barrierj??Csw?€ta?Oê?e?ŸCgbóÝ???ìûÊãR©¥C
?Â\³¥ŒÙ@Ëj©gÇÀ«IdvŽöBh[36]?ÞŸE^?Å{OÈIe?{Ð?ÞŸE^?Isw?€t?eOÈ?¶
¹e?B^?NÛ?©ÈÅ?bóIìiCAV@³?³¥1978NIsw?€t?ŒñxÚGï?àIŽCŒ??C?Ð¥ê
gEž§YSuuI??h[37]B^??Ý?êÚóÑ??ÌCŒ?kì???eCózvm¹Xœàe[38]Bbóêx
ÝÚóÑ??ÌFgÞŸE^???Cæê?eiwbóIsw?€tj?\Œ?ŽC?Œrè??®¬ênñìiBAÝÈOCß
?LåÍ?Òæîä?Y?Œª{vÅ?ß?eBä?Ÿ?^Œ??Bh[25]^?Ýsw?€F?úgÒtDVDI??¹?³?C
Ðä?I¶úãÚïãÈûälá?p?Iê???³¥LÓübóIìivhBbóÝÚóÑ??\ŠCŒvLÅ?^
?ü?Isw?€tOÈCA?VLgì?QŒhIŽ?BgêûÊCäk?ÞŸE^?Úè??O?CA?êûÊCäç?§Ðlõ
?EH¶?AÈy?I?œln?svLÅ¢??C?äêåCœ¥A???I?eªäIÓ?Ž?óccçvLCœl?i
Vì?ŸjåI¬÷?är?ðccs?CäÝ?ìûÊLäÝ€?ûÊXœIŽóBä?ÞŸE^?ÂÈQ?eQlŽ
???äAžsvL?B§?ÅCœ?esêèÂÈwkœ?ŒCsAÂÈw?@œ¬÷C?\žž?zæ³?BÈŒ
NÐääïeÕê_C§?ZçvœŸœ ¥ï¢àIﶬ?o»Iêí?\¯°Cé^g¬×ŽÁFCAÀñ»¢EIáâlœËòBìÒqCûäl¥lÞIÌí[1]
Cœ¥lÞIªx[2]CAûälMŒì¥êÂàÕ§I¯°BûälZÝy倌kIÄ¢yznBûälݬ?sûäl?èš
Lt¡ñoêCÀÝsút¡¯dvIpFBÝsžèËèrt¡âcLñyBûäl\?êVhµ`iácÀsïêyS[a]jCŠ
`AæñÚ`AßOêyAß`AºßA?`yªéCŒì€hÈdIHšC@ÊÄ?ïAg÷A¬×Öy浡ÅmC?ûLÚß
I€DC€
?ðCÊísÝð??
ðCäop I?lC¥ï¢àn?lß¡§ŸIèËŽBz?ûäl€zHÃV[b]I?C
ä¥ûälM€åYyAšIêíé»BZÄ¢ûäÔIêÂûälŽBûälZInœŒ×Ä¢CsÖðæšlzNp ISi
ShiresjBê±ûälZÝŽA?CêÊsÝR±AR?Inû§±ŽABæOI³CûälJnZÝâA®œØ®Cê±?jI
vIÄ¢lËRZÝV®IŽA?C@ÜêŽyåzç°¢iGreat SmialsjBœÉIûälzs¥¢i`IåâxCízÁêyXK
詹®IõB¶úâXšûälݶúLêÂBCA¥Ý¶úácVhá¢âXšCæã¹ÚŸâXš[c]BûälÈunŒvimathomjÒ`
eê±³pIŒC±ŒãSíípì¶úâXšoCœŸåUNÒBÈûälIg`Ò?CŒìI?¶åBçÂËèûûälI
OæVCï¢àÈì×ûälIÁ?BèÓŸzZíiBrothers HildebrandtjIá`yÞŸE»IdesËèûoÂÁêyB{¹Ýï¢à
¬?I¶{¡qCûälalÞŸèûnLèüCíF×¥lÞIªxBsßCûälIú?jö¿s«§³nŸmBûäl³F
lÞIâgCäolÞêéLæœIÀ§Bûäljêm÷ãÒÝžúIe¿ºž¹lÞIâgCä¢EbàzçÌŸ?ãBlÞy
ûälssði¶CÈ_ÒÝûIÁ?BÝ®á`ÅIs€ÒÄÕt¡CùvíâyáclÞåÉ¢ECûälðéBùv
¹C~¢açãÙèûnrŽŒûälCŒ?šðãC§ß_°Ê¥CŒûälalÞÄçLªÊBûäl¹HçÑy
À¶R¬VÔIÀsöÍÍJBsútqCûäläolÞIèWßsÂmlB߀LOxûälCŒìsLs¯IÁ?y«
îFûxÁliHarfootsjAz€¢liStoorsjy@CúºliFallowhidesjBûälÒÝÀsöÍÍJCäoŸlIcæÉ^Œ^úºlI
ãÚnkÚßCûälaÉ^Œ^úºsLÚæ\CÌê±ÃVIûälŒyêŸsø©ŸêBsûäl?èšLt¡Iûäl¥wO°¡l
ÉÅœIûxÁ°CŒìZÝÀ¶R¬R±IŽ¡Bz€¢°¥lÉæñœICŒìIgXáâCìc
C¡·àjy¢DCZÝ
ifÚœŽCß¡¥ifÚÍ?ÀsöÍInœiŒìäoYnIûälCYnIûälÂ\¥z€¢lIãåájB@Cúº°
¥lÉÅIê°CŒìì€`èšyZÝÀ¶R¬IÑnCé`råiÝãúk㥩CíF×¥ölC€yóðÆ°¥@C
úºlIãåájBæOI³1050NCûälèvúîzÀ¶R¬CŽösŸCÂ\¥RõÏÝHçÑIÍÊúCácõϳÝrõž
úBûälÈs¯IHüzßÀ¶R¬CIãÚÝzAoúºy¶áÍiMitheitheljaóðÍiBaranduinjêæCO°VÔIœÊßsŸ
ŽðBæOI³1601NiÄ¢?1NjC_Œ@CúºlZínuiMarchojyziBlancojŸ±¢ø €IyCÂúînóðÍCZ
ÝÍI?êùBœûälsæî笌ìCŒìúü¹œIÌyBÝæOI³CÍLzœü¡ê±ºäµ¹LûälZBûälÝóð
ÍŒù§IVÌyC©Ä¢iShirejBÄ¢yüç²Inœs¢ÉëúºBŽ{CûälÝŒ`ãÁ±¢ø €Cûälü{³F€
IÌnAµÒgÒyCŽ?¹HBRÀinIÅøzÁDðá¢CûälIêx|èü±¢øúCAÀ³èIDà¥L?BD©
C±¢ø€ íÊC €ßs¶ÝBûälIoûälÌiThainjCì×ûälIñÌBñCûälÌ¥z?iBuccajCŒ¥VYÆ°
InnlBãÒCVYÆ°nßóðÍCãÚÝYnCŽÆ°üâi×óðBóðI·V¬×YnIñÌBRóðÆ°£
C€°I·VíI×ÌiçãÙ¥ÌIZqCãÒçãÙç¬×ûälÌjBûälÌÓÄÂûälcðCÀLÜ¢WRàCAÄ
¢·v|aœ?ÔCÌÍ¥êÂËóI`®§ßBOÄ¢ûälI̱ÒLuÄ¢s·vCŽåvE±¥åûälIeÂðC
ÈyCXã`ÇÇ·ax@ã`·IHìBælI³CûälIÉÊžCŒìIgiê?ÞkBsßCsútIŸuLèûälvwo ÅzäÚúº\c5.26?¯IHD 104337?üÝÀCl?êxÈ?¥
¯Iq¯B1974N327úC
è10åj???
¯?ËI?O?C\Ÿ¯Ì®?¯CA@??¥RP¯?oB[42][43]@¡ÈwÆß?èHD 104337¥y?I?¯n
C寥õ??B1.5VI???¯C?º¯?s¹ðB?¯È2.9631V?¹üú??Þù?Cå¯Â\¥Lh¯£
I{à¯[44]C?L15.5{Ÿ??ÊCõxX62{[45]BHD 110317Ì??ÀVVC¥?uk¬Iõ??¯C??
Þù?I?¹üú?1.46V[46]B?Òs¥?F5VI©å¯CŽå¯Iå¯?iŠ«?©C?nc?a
âp[47]B?¯?Êä0.775}0.024[48]C2÷ÄVÝà??æO?¯Ì[49]B??ÀW¥ºxÈã¬?üúÝ11
.1612.5?¯??IHo¯[50]C?100N??üú€?êbB?¯?kßCA\Ê·x·?kåCvLÈw
Æ?¿Iß??¶???[51]B??ÀSXsA¥HÔ¯C?¥ÝÚGIåFÀW^̯C?¯?Ÿßß?ÊÝ?
ÚC?ž¯ß?ÂÈ??å¯I?Ê?¬[52]B?ëÀRVç¥Ho¯C?¯È18¬?üúÝ8.69.16?»[53]B?
¯õ??ª?¥F0aG0C??Þù?I?¹üúL0.7473V[54]B?üú?m?¯??ÀR^?hêݯêÐo
]???ì[55]CºxÈ?317VüúÝ6.7.4?¯??[56]B??ÀTT¥õ??M3IIII?¯aŒK¥Ì
¯Cºx6.48?¯Cn
?923õN[57]Cõx?Ÿ?993{[36]Bì\ÀTUÌ??ÀTUC®áâ¢Ì¯C??¯
ÌãõtüúkZisŽZ¬?jCíp°¯k{€?Úx[58]B?¯ºx?»üú?59ª?C?»x0.25?¯
CÏ?6.53?¯[59]B??ÀßLO¢P¯n??s¯B7.12?¯I©å¯HD 103774?kN?C?n181}5
õNC?Ê?Ÿ?1.335}0.03{Cõx3.5}0.3{Baü¬x?»\Ÿ2013N?¯L?C€¯Ú¡Is¯??Cö?ü
ú?5.9VB[60]HD 104067¥õ??K2VA7.?¯Iòáâ¯Cn
69}1õNC?Lª¬Ÿ??ÊCR?3.6{د
?ÊIs¯??Cö?üú55.8V[61]BWASP3Is¯?ÊÚßy¯C?¹üú?ÜV¥Ý2015N??P¯ú???[
62]BOCõ??G5VAn
101}2õNIP¯HD 111031Â\çLs¯CA®Ò??[24]B?n28.9}0.6õ
NI?áâ¯?z695?11.27?¯[24]C÷áÙ@??aŒa??Ÿ??¬OCõx?çªVµ[63]BVHS 1256-1
257¥41}3õNOI¡áâ¯Cõ??M7.5C?Ê?73{CÚß¡áâ¯^P¯I?Ê?E_B2015N2÷ÄSV
V??ñx???¯Lu102}9V¶?ÊIº¯CÄ??Ê?د11{B[64]DENIS-P J1228.2-1547R??Ý??
ù?I¡áâ¯?¬C?n73}3õN[65]B??ÀTV¥a¡áâ¯?¬IáâV¯CÝù?I?¹üú?90ª?[66]
[67]Cîyºx17?¯C??ú12?¯CúºE?1931N??CåqEÛ1931a2005N??[68]B[óVÌ
æ\颯n??ÀvL~ŒëVéCLÂp?]]???@Is¯ó¯]C@¯ÀS10.3?¯INGC 4361[69]C`
¬^??¯nCüs?žSI13¯A\s¯ó¯][55]BNGC 4038¯nQ¥×z??ÀaÝÀI¯n
QCïÜ1327¢¯nCŽÈHD 104337k?Iæ\颯nÅLŒ[70]BG?¯nRðÝìp¯nNGC 4038aNGC 403
9?¬Cžn
Å?S^BgG?hÓw?¯nå¬öCR?¢ù¯n{gù?`¬BG?¯n³ö¯]?I
ÝìpåÊ`¬P¯B?¯n00õNCÏL?sŸIŽõXË?¹CV¶wÆÄ?¹©ã¥?IXË??
¯œ¿ÊüKŽB[71]G?¯nÝ]??ºæ\¯ºx[4]BSN 2004gt¥2004N1212ú?IIcŽV¯CÈwÆ¢
\ÝG?¯n?Ie???¯CÄ?v?¥40{Ÿ??ÊIWC^¢v?ft¯Cv?¥2040{Ÿ??ÊIP¯
?¬?¯n[72]BSN 2007sr¥n
??ºxÝ2007N12??ôIIaŽV¯[73]BG?¯nÂ\?ï?ŽV¯C
??ðÍ?[72]BNGC 4027¯®NGC 4038¯nQCÈ??Iùä]?ŒCHD 104337kß[70]BNGC 4027¥
_ù¯nCs??I`óÄ?¥^ßINGC 4027A³vB??À?kI??¯nNGC 4782^NGC 4783³Ý
óC?n???õNB[68]¬¯J??¬¯J¹©??Àä?BúºV¶wÆ??Eè·v?zÁiCuno Hoffmeisterj1937
N??625ú?72úI??À¬¯JóœŒBA@\NsvL????C???I¶£çvL?\Ÿ
¬¯J¶ÝBè·v?zÁwoC¬¯J?ç^R¢-zÐvÁ-Ñò¢a¯?CA®ÙŽŒV¶wÆ??BÚO??
¬¯Ja¬s¯4015??B[74]2013N1CMO??¬¯ã€??¶?¬¯JCïÜ12026úI?300?¬¯[75]B¯N
IªÍ????¬¯J¶Ý1624NCúºV¶wÆëezEbïiJakob BartschjcìDÀäì??ûMCc??À
AVs?¢?tå^
_?¢I??a?q?[77]BVÌšwÆÞ¢EúºfiE×Xº2012N117úoÅI
2013N1æ14ús?ìætCéÌŽlIÌ??¯AÝ??ÀC???n27.1õNI?áâ¯LHS 2520ù?B×X^D
ì????¶IP¯[?¯I?ê¯CÅ@???ÀILHS 2520[78][79]C???¥ŽlOz ö³O1100NIbä?¯\Ac¡??Àä?P¯Ì???iMUL.UGA.MUSHENjB?ãlXn»IÃ
TV¶wc??ÀúÝÖiã?Öjö?Bbä?lp??Àã\Ja?\V_¢?úºC?üæñ¢çN@
ïÝHVIJGO[ã¡BpÈwÆ?ËE?^ziJohn H. Rogersj??C?ÖÀÝÃb??ä¯\s?v
tã\»EV_?g???i????????????jBŒf?ÖÀÓ?IÝÀ^??ÀsÛªSCã\»E
V?B[1]??ÀAÝÀAVéÀaìÀÏÝö³O500O¶E?üó?Cª?ã\~^ÄBOC×
zSV
Ô¹I?ÖÀÝÃã?pìn?B[2]§Áf³Ia?u¢çLÝÀ^??ÀCÄ??³
¹°?C@?üÃó?a??[3]B16321633NnYûúºo?I?wØq?n
?ãó??ÀCT
¢ç??ŸåUfçzl?Ÿ¢g?Iî?Èòz?lC¢g?ž?FI??ûŸm@?{sßCc
??IÑS?¬üKFB?L?@Ì¢g?hèº??æ
CA??ÝHã??ÙÔÊ@ÒÊ?¬nÄ
h{Cö?söB??ptæ
@?Ö?ñ
ÖC?Ì¥
Ö
{
?v?B¢g?Åo??I\
?C?{VºctqAÖa??s©Vãê?Cª??¬ÝÀA?ÖÀa??ÀCÝÊu³D?Û??
v@Xžt¢
CÈxsvŸß_ŸB[4]??ÀP¯ÝÃãV¶w®ìûé[5]Cl?åvP
¯?¬ñ\ªhI?h¯¯?CÓ?V?CE?^¶ã\??x?C?¹ã\»Þ[6]BóxV¶wp?
?ÀÜ?åvP¯ã\ñ\µhV\O?䳜Ièœ?[7]B?œàÞ¢òŒ±¶»c??ÀP¯??¯
ÀBnFzQc¯ÀÌ?gÄhiMeejC???Ì?gäÚ?whiTe ManujCÐðQÌ?g~?ä
??hiMetua-ai-papajB[8]BïzC¬?¯c??À??ãIEèC?¬åIgüÀhiTagaij[9]B
bŒ?ïi?õBIglc??ÀP¯Åì??gi¢??hiGeriguiguij[10]CŒk???næ
I?ª?l???[11]BbŒ¹HÕzI€çlÂ\c??À¯ó??p??I?Ëœ?FC?
?ÀçÂ\ã\?Ëœ???À¢á³184œûxéóCè0.446%CÝ88¢?ã¯Àræ70[13]B¯ÀkÊa
?Ê^ºÀ?Cì¥?ÖÀCŒèÏÝÀB1922ÛV¶üð?èÈOê?ÊgCrvhãw??À
B[14]Bä?V¶wÆÞàEúº¢gÁ1930N³®?ª¯À?E[ 1]C??ÀæZð??¬Iœ?`i?
¶ñM§yjB¯ÀÝÔ¹¿WnIÔ?Ê°11h 56m 22s12h 56m 40sä?CÔ?Ý?11.68?25.
20V?B[16]B¯ÀÊ°ìV
CkÜ65xüÈìË\Å®13][ 2]B?Á_??ÀÂp÷á
??P¯åðÚF??ÀP¯ñ\úºV̧??ñšpóê¥???À媺¯œŒ
BñËEÅzäÚúº?ã?¯ÌœŒCAŒ?üÓ?ÝÀIHD 104337Ý1930N?è¯À?E@?ü??
ÀCŠ??À31B[17]??À€L29?P¯ºxsá°65?¯[ 3]B??Àº¯çfhOAçfhêAçf
hñAçfhl?¬lÌgphê@??¿h[19]œgD¿hIl?`¯]Bl?P¯ºxsZsão
?UäÂCAöÝÊuä?ê~WC¯QÝéókeÕ??[22]Bçfhê^çfhOwüphêCŽ2.59?¯
I?hê¥??ÀźP¯[23]B?¯Œgg¶?hiGienahjCÓwgh[23]CÝ`?sªV€tãã\?
?I¶[17]B?hê?n154}1õN[24]C¥õ??B8IIII?¯C?L4.2+0.40.3{Ÿ??Ê[25]C35
5{Ÿzõx[23]B?¯ßL?1.6+0.4?0.3?N?j[25]CjSI?î{Õsó?nc?aâpCE?å¯
?i[23]B?hê¥ü¯Cº¯¥òá⯜gáâ¯Cõ??K5VM5VC?Ê??Ÿ?ª¬[26]Bå¯aº
¯u?50V¶dÊ[ 4]CÄ?º¯??å¯Iö?üú¥158N[25]B?hO¥¬^?]]??Ö\æ
ªIÔ¯C2.9?¯I?Få¯n
?87õN[24]C?L2.7{Ÿ?Ê·x1.04??¶Aõx
?Ÿ?6570{CÄ??¯v?¥?320N?jIN?å¯C®¢?èIå¯?iGv?¥2.6
?N?jIV¯ÌC?nÕsjSÜ?óc?aâpC?Eå¯?iI¯??ËõxX?B¯Ìõ?
A0IVC^æñ?îvB[27]?hO꺯ü???·gI¯üoCV¶wÊíc¯ü??üP¯n[2
8]Bñº¯õ?KC¥8.51?¯Iòáâ¯Cü?çL¯üoB?¯¥@àT¯Cå¯650V¶?Ê
Cö?üú9400N[29]B?hOŒg¢?÷fzhiAlgorabjCÓ?g??h[4]C^?ê?¯ã\??I
E[17]B?¯zÁ??1669Ê°?hO?k4.5xCR5.4ÊbI??F¯Ì?¬CÂp¬^?]]
??ª[30]B?¯?n280õNCó?¯5.2i÷áÂ?jCŽå¯5.9?¯Cž¯6.0?¯[4]B
2.7?¯I?hlŒgf?hiKraz[31][17]jCÊ°??¹ûC?n146}[24]C?L2.06?N?ja
3.7}1{Ÿ??ÊCÕsjSÜ?@c?óâp\Ê·x5100??¶C@õ??G5III©º¯[3
2]BÄ??hl¡åª??¥õ??B7VI?å¯[33]Bã\??@EÊuI?hñŒgŸ?
?hiMinkarjC?n?318}5õN[24]C¥õ??K2IIIIg¯C?L54{Ÿ?Œaa930{Ÿ?õx[34]B 1918NF?Ù@??Nóæ?B1919NŒ??no?š?ZãBöC?âÝz?Y???lÀ??v-v?È
I??º°1919N1?NœUI?óCF?yö¢ðB??°1919N23ú?æî?B?é?C?g?¹?êIâhc
z?Y?`?¬|ºI?F€?å??Cóc?äì\??mB?òàIÍÊÝ1919NtG???BÝ1919N~t
VðI{¢¢CÇ??¿I???¶Ý?bzCߢ³Ý?UI??ö¹?B¯?C?òàIìâÍÊ®¬¹?kÁ
õ??I??óü@¢Ã??BÝ4ê5CìâÍÊÝžæ?Í?ÁÍIL???UC§ÝÄG?nI?óŒ
??Ÿ¹œ?ðB@?ï?Âúº?A@{ÁvL?lC1919N48úP?B6{??ž¢Ä?aÂúº?íÇû°B?òàI
??æ¹û?Èva??F?úºB¯??Ý€?i?Iw?º°1919N617úè?@¢ÃB620úC?òàá¢og??z
ÈßhCœßLìâÍÊy???zÈBpŠgž?æP?C¹Ý1919N??¯ºdvI?i?AíAHšA?
Îaê±???jB?æ@¢Ã@C€?i?üFfïv?CAïïîÅŒa?@?ïœßWå?ͺÍ?t?
?Ië?CÈåI?ž?Þ¹ŒI?UB?@I??Ý6-7?nü?PÞCåª??ÝŒ?IÐ?íðCW
?t?òàB?òàI?¬¹^³IÐ?Có
??IÚ§Ð?zÈB?eð??I?lííãC830úíÅ
oî?B??za@?í?BF??Í?ÝNzRE?Öïv«?w?º??ük???žúCA?ûØvzî
I??°1024úÝߢ??¹Œ?B?ûØvzîI???ü¹?ê¢Ð?C?òà«?dIuÃ?B?œR??ºIª
Ý1919N9Å?B??òàIë?n?x?WB?O?vL?[œÒ?èFߢ¬?ê?ø?WkvL@?I???
??¢^i??êNenæxBz¶sL°¯å}??Ýi??g@C?ßzNI?œxÒsü?xi??B[5]:436-437
z¶??mîBsvCB?zfúºü·Õ?C?×èÓ?W¡?BŒ?Ì©Èü¥z??¯å}lIw??©?Is???CAsHÕz??Mgú?
tiLouisville Courier-Journaljå?EÁXiHenry WattersonjwoCzfúºLÓ???MQ??CÈ?¥Œæ×èÓxIèiBzfúºžHÕz???n
ñ?Cá?¯å}sŸs?Žó?liwi??jžBO?ûêÊ?Æiwz¶jCö?mîBÅ?GIlsß?eP¹iam LindsayjA???WECEPEzm
¢ïCÈy?ËEYEzNAŒœEû?AWECE¢¶zAÁEûaÐõEzÊBŒÛãüKl??x€a}Cp©ÈCœüKlSCà?{?°u?
?I?BãR??AÎà{aVI@C?òàIÝ1919N10a11IênñI?ðrè«n??B??°1217ú?ñ
¹î?C§??IF?ü@ŠüKCB?Ýa?í??I?óCŒ?¬÷Icàzï?E?q?IÙ{å?üK?i
³®ŒÌ???vœN??jû°o¹??ìa¢Ä?BsÇ??IÁÜCzÈ??q?aüK?ó????Ù
{å?ñíB?åÍuÃ?a?Í?ü?Í@PC?zïvBꬪiî?aÂúº??jPÂúº?a¢Ä
?COÒÝ1919?1920N~Gjعz?Y?B1919NI?1919N2p{ž?P?B[45]Šg??°???¥¢?
C?Ýâ¢FªyŽŒnæI?UÅf¹zÈ^Y±V?I?nBêi??C?næß?®SžŒ?I?
??íØfB[46]ŠgÊ?ãIž?íã¹??Cz?Y?¹RÊ?3¢?IæñÍ}ãïwÍxz?Y?}??B
?ï?ãâz?Y?}IszÑææ?÷?¬§Bz?Y?}??Ê???l¯XDI\?yÛ?l¯IZ
š¯ºóÛ??ó?\nl¯xB[47]Œ?aâ¢FªI???Ê?ãI¢?Ý1919N11?©Bö???Ý
?k柹¬÷C^zÈI?nŸdCóz?Y?ézÝËÎzR???B[46]1920?21NIìâA??a\
àä{Ÿ1921Nâå?rIó?Ò1920NVnCìâ??åÍv¬nü?ÍPÞC?zïvB?òàó]T§Z?ÍInûC
ód?ŒI?CA?Ù@T§?ͬæCóÝ1920N2ê?n??ÇüV?ŒzPÞBV?ŒzIŠ`Uí?Ÿ?
?¥üKÃIB?40,000lÊ?âa¯¿DüžV?ŒzP¢Ä?CvL?CœCœdíC¯??20,000l¯ºóðU
œÒí??Ø?B
SÉIV?ŒzPÞC?òàÞoC?Ï?ï??€?i???VI?ißBŒ\ø??máI
?Iw?ó\??dVÈí?Ip????lB?Ý1920N?Ý¢Ä??¹L??IÍÊBÝzÈIz?Y?
{^àzï?E?q?a??Ù{å?Ò???a¡¯¿@CüK?Ý??ìU?ó??¹€?i??I{¢?C
gŒÝŒ\?æNŸ?IâìHVOPÞB[48]R°ŒwÍ?Å©ÈIT§C€?i?@ük?UÈ??pßú??Ý1919?19
20Ng???©?žI??B?U?Å?í??j~C§€?i?I?í°1920N11P¢Ä?Cí??aüK?
I?ºa?ºÇ Ü µÎçÍ ñ±€OÌúXðë€ RC1918N218úCúºaú±é Ý??W??s®CúºRÚAU耹ò±Aâ
zyGCÝÅ@11VI?ð{ÁvLöï
RB[29]??³®Ia??z?Y??¥BêI??Cö?â?íðUC§V?IÔ??Ù@j~???BŒ?ç??ÝûáÊIœv
œªqIïRä³?ð?õZ?IêuB??ºÚó¹a?CzñzÁ-§©vzð?°3
6ú??B??º??cð?Åì?©?KvI?XV?BöCŒ??¹åÐyn?úºÓuéCúº Ýß¡§¹øSÜg€
g
Iüö a§©¶€ CGl¯€a yâ
zl¯€a ¬§CÀóúº ÛìB1918N4???ºÍüL19.6lB
1918NI??AìâaÁõåðÚF??l¯€aAî?êN?Ag
ICÍàIuÔqsAb?26l¯Ï?AúºÁõ?ª?A
??ða CÍàÏõðàÕÙÜ1918N2o©s????tI¶Í?Š¹?R??l¯€aéÌIâ?zé?yÅ?CÝ?óú
±é «?IŒGVOB1918N222úÝ?êì?Iu?O©Dž?·Ô????ÇCÝߢŒ?Á
ü?ÇF?Èy?Ý??B[30]??ºÝú?ñ¹?zïvB[31]È?òv«?Ý413úI?lí??C§?
òà«?Úǹw??B
?Œ?IÇçHÒsâ§I?R??¬÷ÅʹHPÞ?ÍCߢœRz?Y?IF?N?ß??nB
b???ºÏ?ï°418ú?gGBzÖÉz??i^¢Ç`ád?¿j°1918N726úcŒ?û°ob
?B@C?üò?vœ?¿AEÐïvœ}aÐY??napÝgz??w?¯?zÁ??«??€Bz?Y?aŒ?I¶Ðïv
œ}¯¿Òœ?CA725ú??lCóz?Y?úPBb???ºÏ?ïâ~¶Ýóí¢C?§?æãB
1918N6C?9,000lIuÃ?Å?¹Œ?Iæñ?Ç?ðB?·Ô???Ý81úíï?óÝ3úèB910?C¢¢nÛ¢azv
?g??¶¹óI?lB1??æ¹¢¢nÛ¢C§Ý111úCÞŸE€?i?ÛZ¹zv?g?B?i???
?vlŠEC§Ý1919NC®¢kÁõžz?Y?èðúB10Câì???l¢ñ?ëv«?°SÍâBuÃ??³
?òàa?ÍF?ñ?fz?v?¬??CS??êÝ?òàIw?ºBìâÍÊR§B·z°??IŸ??°1918N5
C[32]§??°6è?¹?¢ë?zB¯?Cœz?Y?Iâ?¯???ÝÞŸbávzaçœØzBê¢à?T§
ž?Á
?Î?f?RæI媌?å?HBÄGCz?Y?ÝŒ?I?ÍíŽBŒ???©¡{ÝçœØz¬§B
7êC?ü8N76ú?æ?·ÔÆB§Ý1918N717ú?·ÔÆèOsvCO¹caÆëí?f???º
??Èj~Œ?ü?èBÐY?aÐïvœ}x?¯œR??ºT§Hš?B[Ò¹¿]1918N5CÝ·z°??IIx
ºCŒ?è?¹??faFfïvC§¹íÌ?gÈsïhI@§ècðcõÏõðB7CÈsïI?Í?WåªR·z°?
?T§InæBÈsï?s¹µIÐïå?TÐïå?I[{C@§ª¬?HìúCÜLgø?«hI[{C@??HÊ
ayn?ŽILÒB\Rè@C€fîÄ?Eñ?vhÞŸièÓHl\RO?Fgä?K?håœÞŸièÓHlFi1j{\¢
?Þ?vß?Ie??lfGi2j{ç¢e©ã?fIhB[33]??¹O?Iênñž?C??l¯Ï?ïïzzœI??[{Èj~
??¢??ÂIPÞAŠ?œÒŸ?BÝì??C_?Á????ClÌgSâ?ŽœvœyÓHñíÏ?ïÁ???hœgÁ???·h
æîÝ??@ÊC?s???ó§Š?ržŒ?I?nãŠ?A@ÞœÒvL???U?îImºy?¯B[34][35]ïïîñW¹?ô?PÞ
œÊ??lŠ?I¡Ï?IYIpB[Ò¹¿]8C????sfI??IÁÜÝ?ÎíÅjCïïîáy§ÂDà?H
ÝsÂ?áyAž??PÞIlË?IœßB1918N9CŒ???{ÈsïaŽŒœz?Y?
{Ý?@?ïó¯ÓÝçœØz?VIÕSâ{CRÜlà???FOÊÐïvœ}?iòÃfE¢væGëvA¢Œ¢E?úºñva
€fîÄ?EÃ??vja?ʧ¯åê}?iVEAE??ifœviV. A. VinogradovjaPEVE÷ïîiP. V. VologodskiijjB1918NC?œz
?Y??ï¹l¯?iÈsïjAŒ??i®Œ???{ja?ÆF?N??yŒ?AµÍ¬æA?Á?A¢s?y?
?¢F?CŒ?ãó?@à?CœI?ißVEGE?úºñv«?w?BÝ?Á¬æC€fîÄ?E?Î?ãZ°87ú?æ¹\RCA?
?°1918N98úœU?ñ?ÀésB11úChä?zèC108úCFnfèB?ü?PÞ?@a?ÆBÝçœØzCSâ??
{kõó¹VI??C?«¢@Ie?B1118úC¢@???¬?ÆÙÒBà?¬?íßC?@éz¬?gâÅ
918N12{C?ü?Po?@CAŒ?Ê?üÞ?GI???œ¹?ž?BÞ?G°1224úíUB æñ?iCz?Y?ž??{a?èT§¹?CÝŽnæaËÎzR§¹€?}xCߢL2Sâ?zlèB[13]
?œ?¶Ýæê?iI?l¥ë¯IC\ŸüLꬪl?ÝÕ?I?«ºóv¬?Ú?ª?iB?Ý?RnÊI¥·z°l
CíÌì·z°??œgF·lhG[14]g?æÜ?º?Ig?laxz?Y?I?FfE???º?B?Iæê?iž1
919N1êŒ?11BN?žìi?òà«?w?ºjA?i¢@C?ã«w?ºjaŒkiÞoòï«?w?ºjI??
柹¬÷Cg??yŽ¶¿FPÞSOð??B1919N7C??ÝåáŸ?Ý¢Ä?Áüàzï?E?q???IÙ{å
?üK?@ö¹?êž?CgÙ{å?Ý???Ź?ÍBñvEïïîkõüv¹??C??¹?¢Ù{å??¯¿I
æê¢B6C??ñæÅÞ¹?@I??B??ênñIð?CÝüK??U????I?ºC??ª?Ý10a11??¹?ò
àaÞoòïI??B?IæO?iÝ¢Ä??¹?Å@êx?I?UB€?i?¢W¹?òà??Ic]?ÍCè¢Ä?
åªnæBü??ì??Ié?íàzï?E?q???IÙ{å?üK?Á?Bí?q?I??¢Ä?@C€?i?Ý
¢Ä??ühäBkãœ???ž?@C€?i?I??í??aüK?üì?C€?i?ac]?Í°1920N11PÞNmRÆB
??s\vœåðÚF\vœ\vœCz?Y?}??Ô??iHlaéâ??IŠº?¬IjÈ?æ?ÞŸièÓi?Þ
ŸÆjIT§Cóv¬W??Oâ?zéésa?ºIè?B1918N1z?Y?ðU¹â??{óñOéz??ºiHlIã\
ÅIœz?Y?N?åðÚF?zî-fz?vN?Aeº?auÃ? (âà?)1917NÄVÝâzÈßB?Iö?¢
Cê¢úºÓulbabushkaa?I?¢O?Bwq?Ý??«IŠEamIêêNmiå?Ý1921NjCæ¥ZÝâìi?
ÍÈ?zïvjC@Š?Âúº?Ê?§I?¹?¹BÆë?bÇ?CŒ?sŸsÚó?§uûuBÅžz?Y?è?ñ
?I??¥1917N10??I?zî-fz?vN?B?N?óÞŸièÓIeº?IxCAkõíÔ??ÞŽ¥fE???ºª???B
Åœ?€?å?ÒIQÌ¥ºÌ°??{IF???B?ÍF?I?ñàaŒ?F?I?c?vs¥ŽIê?B?¹
c?úI?¯ç?NœŸB11Cê??ú¹cIQ??¢ñ?ëv«??nÝVØ¢?z??uÃ?B?x?IuÃÒDœs¥â
VºA?Zw?aw¶B1917N12C¢ñ?ëvÚ?¹È?òvA?òàaŽŒvœOöÈ?òv@íߧ?InûŠo
I¹â?¯B[15]1917N12CuÃ?aF?è?¹?zïvB1917N11gâ?ze°l¯?éŸhé̹c?¡ºIe??\
©å?@Cz?Y?ÝY±§ËÎzRÏ?ï@?nÝ?næ?æ??{I?ÍB[16]1917N4C??{§¹?¢Ï?ï
Žåªs¥O¹c?úI¯?B[17]z?Y?\°1917N912ú??T§Y±IÏ?ïCAs?ž?C§sz?Y???
líßBR§Cö?Ï?ïãRnlIxèIâ?zlkCŒ?sŸsö?ö?I?óR?v¬?ú¹z?Y?ÆlCó
?¢@I11?¢?íÚÇB[18]z?Y?Ý1917N|??{I¬÷kåöxã?÷°Œ?ó¹?Hl??IxB1917
N3R1916N?¹â{@ûHìIâ?zèÒanl§IÉz???l¯?¿°1917N9ÝH?S?N¹œN?HB[19]
R§CÝz?Y?|??{@IY±CszÑžpÝËÎzR§¹©¡{CÊÌg_㥩¡{hiœ?Ì_ã¥jB[20]âx¹
?¢{{¢CR°z?Y???^zÈž¹?nB[21]1918N1?âÝsf??vZ??ºüN??óNèî?CÝߢ
??l¯€a?ï¶?BÝî?ºHÊN?I?ºCz?Y?°126úUèî?ì?Œ?ÝvœO?âlI³?Cz?Y
?r觯úºÓuéaŽ¿F?aB[23]€fîÄ?Eñ?I¡?è??ߢrè¥RúºcÐõñ¢IOð??\ñ?ó]
ICïÜê?vœAâÞoê?B???^óúºOð?ñ?ÔñÞŸièÓIxB[24]R§C
â??{??IÄGU?
i1917N6jIS?C§Á?¥ÄGU?S?@??{Źâ?I?§Cñ???³?IaœA?Ÿ?dvB[25][26]rÝÄG
U?ž?OâlA??I???sŽ?^BŒûIÐïå?Ò@ä?IºÄ?E€úºÐ?úºžp@v¬nû°â??â?
?Q?CAÙ@ü?âVIœ?å?î?B[27]1917N1216úCâa¯¿V?Iâ???ÝzñzÁ-§©vz?ó?na?
B[28]ì?aœIðC¯¿ ñoIð??åÐOâ?zéyn?úºÓuéazÖéC?ånh¹¯°å`ÒaÛçå?Ò
Bz?Y?ã\ñvEïïî?Šæ?ð?ó???@?ûÊâÎC
zgvL?AvLaœhIôBï?j?âIV{B
©Rå?ÒA?¯A?Ls?Iñz?Y?Ðïå?Ò¯åü »€µÄÞBð©îÜÅèͯ Ì×??à?A?âà?Aæ12ây?Aâvœœh±?Dà¥C¥1917NÍÊ?¬I?ÍÊB
Nö¥ñ???Iz?Y???º?qüâ?z€a{??vœBâ?z¯ûÌ@?g1917N
-1922NIà?aâåvœhB??ºÍÊ°1919NÝ????€a?ìâÍÊCóÝŒ???
??RåE?@IB@ÞŸE€?i???I€a?°1920NHÝ¢Ä?í??ºÍÊ??B
?œÆ§??
â?z€aIö?a?I?s§?NB[2]Žä?A?¹ò?Afï??A§©¶ag
?¬?å?ÆBOâ?z€aIŽ]?yÝ?@¬§â?z??ºÐïå??M€aaŽŒÆêóÁü??B
Ý\vœ?NI?óCIâ?zé??íðUGuÃÒ?¬IÔ??¥z?Y?åvI?ÍÊC
Rz?Y??IÀS÷?_?I?ª?§BêCÝ?lödÁ@C??l¯Ï?ñ
vEïïî??Ô??ü??H???CÈ?X??IÍÊB¡Ï?íCœ?¢x?È?móÛ?B
1918N6C?âíIHl?¬Ivœ?«ï?Ÿã¬I??Ê?oCïïîÝ??§¹Êü?ºnæ
?¯I?§ªº§B[4]â?º???ªº?IœRí
æl?y??§?s§?{I????C[5]¯?
Iè@çí??¯®S?pB[6]O¹c?ú?¯ì?g??ÆhíCpivoenspetsyjC[7]L??gŒ?Û
?§«ŽÆ®
?l?B[8]??nV?ClªVOI???¯RO¹c?úI?¯?¬B[8]??©
?CL????a??83%Iw?¯s¥O¹c?úI«mB[9]œz?Y???åðÚF?A??vœN
??A??±?âà?Aâà?IƧ??a¶œz?Y?N?1918N1CìâIœz?Y?uÃ?
????IœR?n°z?Y?N?@I?úCaúº Aú±é AÛÁ±€ A眀Öé âÓùIzñzÁ-
§©vzña¡Ö߬?âàOœz?Y??̧I?Î?C[10]cŒ??œRV?Is?B
œz?Y?ÍÊ?¬IŒUI?¿ö?œ?z¢YÛCïnåA€aå?ÒAÛc}lA???ö¯Aœ?
hAONåå`ÒA©Rå?ÒA?¯A?Ls?Iñz?Y?Ðïå?Ò¯åüÇå?ÒCüöŒ?œ?z?Y
??¡§©Ã?BŒ?IÍÊR?§ªºa°[6]aOe?x?CóRÞoòï«?AC?ã«
?@a?òà«???ClÌ?CóÝ?Iåª?óT§
O¹câIdvªB
íÌìüK??I??¯°å???Ý?ú?°??BXdvI¥íÌì??vœN??œRàz
ï?E?q???IÙ{å?üK?IÙ{å?¡a?ÍÊIo?B?L??œI๟la???¯
IüK?Ý1919Nj~?òà«?I?üzÈI?U???¹??ìpC@ž¢Ä??¹F?B
?ÁͬæA?f?RæAŒ?a??næIy??óœz?Y?ÍÊIÂ?C§?Ý?±n
æIés§¹?œ??Bê±?ÍʧÝ?±ésIé§?¯??Iî?ãB·z°??\?¥
â?IêªCóÝ1917N10L30,000lI?BŒ?aVIz?Y?{?¬¹ž?û??Ê?CQ?I`
û@PÞI??Bž?û??CQ?`ûIðÊݬ?Ÿ?C§bºSªUÝŒ±ècH?
?Bݯ¿I?ͺCïïîºßðóßßmºC??z?Y?¢¬¹?ÍB
1918N8C??±?âà?ú?ÝfçzïIü?Œû¿ç?z?Y?\?o¹??BŒ?S
SFi1jâ^úºÂ\ï?èi2jz?Y?IOiï?Œ?¢¬s??Ca??yâ?zéåÊO?I°i3j
€?å?vœvzï?d?i?œ¯¿ çLS?jBöC?±ÆIåœs\?o¹??IxCïñ
baš?B·z?Eug?éÌz?Y?å?K?gN?Ý??¢hB[11]p@??âx¹åÊ?š?B
ð???@CLçÛ\Ÿ?±š?kœsüúºVèBÝ?êØûº??±?âà?Èp@üâ`û
h??nBߢLÁz?Y?I??I\ÍtËBúºÓuéaú±é ᢮\êVDà¥üNhÛºâ ã
CÀÝzñzÁ-§©vzñº?¹{¢ZœI?¯ÉÕ Fgg
Iüö hAg???aàìÄ?öhAg
§©¶€hAgâ?zl¯€ahag??hB
úº°1918N11ÝŒü??C?±Æí?B
ä?€ ¥°1917N12ŠæézžâƧI€aCóÝ@°1918N15?¶Iä?Dí?~B
g?æñ€aA§©¶Afï??a?¹ò?ÝzñzÁ-§©vzñí?@§¹©ÈI??CóÝ1
918N11Å???Œ?U?BÝâI¢FªC???¹OðåvIO?F?AìaŒkO?B?Âåvª¬ºñ?iB
æê?i¥žvœêŒ?âÎBÝvœßVCF?«??ñà?³?óæŸÚͬæL{?Iw??C[12]Ýߢ
?nŸuÃ?IxBzñzÁ-§©vzð?I??çŒÚ?v¹¿IŒÚ±?y?z?Y?{IœRBL?
œúº?¯çvxœ?z?Y?Co°^V³ÝNßI?RISSB ÂHÕ??n¯I??C?éŒÌLouisvilleIgshês?¹CöŽ¹°@?BÈ?yI??¹??gHÕ??hBAü?Lœ¢BiïÈ?fœBA²¡?BA§ŒŒäBAàzfzÁBAâåâBac?ŒBjÏLŒÌ?LouisvilleIé?C?±LouisvilleIgsh?s?¹C?ì/?lu??sv?l/C¹???gHÕz??hB
lû
ª2000Nülû?CHÕ??lû?256,231lC2010Nülû?C?slû?741,096lB\Nàlû\ú133%CŽö¥2003NHÕ??s^ŽÝI^ã???s¹s?óCÈOZ°?àAZÝs?æOI¯í??éslûB
HÕ??¥mîBÅåésCè¹SBlûI17.1%BmîVúlûLOªVê©°HÕ??sïæB
?j
éÝôSNOCAßLóæÀlãÚIL?B§æêÂ^FlïBéC¥@ TèšÆfFèÓC×1669NB1763NOC?¢¥êÀ@I€âC1763N@ݵN???Cí«ïHÕ??ÝàIV@?Œ??pCHÕ??¬?pB¯nBAp€?z?BÖßC?ò??\O¢B¯nI¯??ünBÝü àÕ§Dà¥ãCÒ©p Iª¡EfCAé?§éBƧ?@C1783Nüp?sbêta?tCHÕ??í??üC?nóü€gò?BImî?B@1794NmîE?€gò?BCHÕ??¬?mîBIésB
R°?ßkü?dvIq?
¹âåâÍCHÕ??¬?dvIðÊ?C§Ý?HC®¬OLkœŒ?I¯?Ê?âåâÍüŒ??BAR°ü???¹?Ês??xCHÕ??kõí¯ÝâåâÍIhhßñŽ?B
ìk?ú?CHÕ??¥kû?M?dvI?vnCLºHÊa??C§?Mçp?Haͬ??º?a?ÎB
?@HÕ??Ÿ¹v¬I?WCÞŽ¥20¢?úC?¢¬?mîBÅåIH?SBAD?IyÁãüH???I?®CHÕ??¯ÜåÎ掌H?ésê?çèü¹?dIÞB
LtCŽu`ncévo©s`{It[Ò 12]C§uncév¥o©s`{Itys`nc{It[Ò 12][Ò 13]BR`ncñx«gchagéh?¢?NCÌ`ncI³®
âiàä×u`ncév[Ò 14]Bç¶?`ncèž?Ý`º€l\ªN³¶ç¶çÀCe¥`öqÙliLê?Ž^¶×CsèèjCêe¥æâ?BÚ?IŽn¶£FjLECsèèñB
R`ºåõ€Ìp¹ä?uðßUv[à 6]IDªCßUIÛIè×çÁ Ø aé° C§arIæâ âDBÂÆácIµáC`æâ_ ùvÝ·l¿i¿qjÈŠ^œB
` hæâ I¿q¥`ncIeÙliŒq^CŠ`äµåõ€jCÙlác¥í`ºåõ€§×ŸqIÀ NiŠ`F¶€j[à 7]IŽêÂqB?lL20œÂZí[à 8]
CÁãŒIêeÄ?sóÀ N€[à 9]CöŒã³€ÊI@ðkáBXsKI¥CR`æâ_ ßᢶÉIRÕËCöÙlÝæâ IÒöÀsD[à 10][Ò 15]B
ÙlAé¬×æâ Il¿CA¥à`zå€lCsèèÈüÌŒ?NIœ^[à 11]BCsèèL
åI¡øCæSŸÙluïÝÂvCkõ¬¹ÙlIüFBácÙlIe
À N¥×NCØzvl¥×NI³ºCAØzvl³qCCsèèÖe©V?ØzvlVízòN[à 12]Cw`€NßCq?çÂ\oÊCêoÊKdpmqCzòNIÜ
näoó
HÕ??óã\üŒ·?^?ì??I?xC®??Œ?óiÚß·?å?«Œ?ójClGªŸB~GâyCªŒCúÆ?CúÅ·á°œ°0 Ci32 FjIœÏú?13VCúÅá·á°œ°?10 Ci14 FjIœÏú?7.8VCá°œ°?15 Ci5 FjIL1.7VGÄG?ªŒCúÅ·?30 Ci86 FjIúNÏL80VC35 Ci95 FjÈãIL9.7VB[2]Åâi1jÏ·2.1 Ci35.7 FjC?[Åá·?30 Ci?22 Fji1994N119újB[2]Å?i7jÏ·26.6 Ci79.9 FjC?[Å·42 Ci107 Fjião?°1936N714újB[2]ÙúœÏ?216Vi41ú113újGÂ?Ê~áœÏú?127ú38úB[2]NÏ~
Ê?1,230|Äi48.3p¡jCN?[Å~
Ê?607|Äi23.88p¡ji1930NjCÅœ?1,748|Äi68.83p¡ji2018NjB[2]NÏ~áÊ?34ÐÄi13.4p¡jG1988?89NI~áÊÅC?Ý~áÊüL2.3ÐÄi0.9p¡jC1917?18NI~áÊÅœC?Ý~áÊ?128ÐÄi50.2p¡jB[2]
mîBHÕ???÷?i1991?2020N³í?C1872N¡?[j
{
HÕТI{¥Ìps·cð§C¥Rs·ascð€¯Ç¡B
Ssæês·Iš¥Ý1828N3CácÝè×s·Cú×ONB1894NCü×?êClNB
scð€ÝL26ÂcõÈÊCe©ã\s?s¯œæ SBenI€a}lÄ?CÏ?ï«?cêèÊI?[ì?CŒi??\??B?[1]:271BXœ©?mîBIl????Bñ{[5]:446B×èÓÓ???IÇ?ºCâcLsTAïø?\ÍtËC°¥œß?±l?ñÆCŽåªlsÆ?¹[5]:446CA?¥L?OSl¯¹ºCÒÏ?ïI????[1]:271B?L±?«Ï?ïIß?ïãì?[3]:188Bª€a}?lnx@ISßC?±x@圥i??I}H[3]:188BB?×èÓ?ªl\ÈÍÆCR¥Œ?ºÌÝx@ßß?ó¹?
[3]:188B?¹ðÆög??ÁííßC?œ€a}l?nö?nc??ÝgãC?sàI??Îã?ûI¯?CpçLÁ?¹ónx@ßßIl[3]:189B
§oÝ1900Nsûàßü§tãIê?`?i??h?I?B
1900N130úCi??Ý?ÊüFI¯º?VB?ïåÍ?ËRíl??Å[1]:271-272CŒŠíßIðXÚó¡?[1]:272BX?Jö?s¥?lCŒ???¹?ïåÍIüû[5]:449BÏ?ïÝ@?Is??sïë[5]:449Ce¬?®S
Æ}h§??s[CÅ?Ê?I?éÌCi??a??G?ŸI@?[ÊÅœCÈ??ª??B?aB?[5]:449B
Ï?ïIï??©ê¢œ¬?@CB?×èÓézBà?°\ó?ó¢WB¯ºÒœBŒ?¢WB?ï¢?Á?ï?CAn_óñ@???O?ÖCAŒ?Ù?¥N???üB?ïåÍC?¥V@Ý@?QIŽŒö€??sö¹l?Ö~Œ?üàB1900N131úC¯å}??Ý@?ðX?sé§ï?CÝvL€a}loÈIîvº[cÏ?ïI???Ê@»Céz¹«?ÊI?[ÙÁCßi???B?Bi??éŸA?@§ŠºßðU×èÓ¢WI¯ºC?ºßB?ïÝ@?dV¢?ï?B€a}T§I¯º?ðUCB?ïåÍIØão?¹¯å}T§I¯ºB®¢mîB¹à?I??B[1]:272
×èÓ«mîBIÇ?m¹à??C???h?M???s±?C§à?ümîBIï??Û?CüLÝsŸß?ËïoºôB€a}??y??×èÓIv°25úÝ?Ö¢?ï?C^¯?C¯å}??çÝB?ï?ïCðrVOé§ï?Â\¶ÝICœ@«??CóÄ[Ê?œh?ézi??a??G?Ÿ??C?lçÄéŸA?B[3]:233, 235, 239
×èÓÍƹ?Á?êÊÆL??ßIjqCÈ??©È¥Û¹R?LB?I?ÍBÍÆߟ¹???¯?I?uCA?ûÇl???úÆlBNl?SS×èÓïhB¯º?s«Æl?úCAŒV@óvLÑæCœs?B×èÓ??ÝB?¯@HìCü?LÀÛl?dºÛ?BÊ?vLñ??š\i??hqIá?C×èÓñ?ÌCÝvLx?Ñ?¯?ño?IîvCŒvL?Íôo??I??Cs??¥©z¹500ü³ïì??àB[3]:233, 236
23úCãC?4VIi??^¢?«[1]:272BB2014N5{CŒ¹¥ü?LIêÊÝCãh?IB?[1]:272Bì?????Åï?«IlšCi??Içß??I?nL?a[1]:273BoûI??lN¹ê???C×èÓaB??[?ÞÊCì?ð?CŒ?«ÆóCœ^i??öhÄL?IN?[5]:451B¯?@?IB¯º«\ÈðUC?ï?si????@tCpXöœI@¥ãÖ[5]:451BA¥C×èÓ?Ý??ã?[5]:451Cü¥ð¹B?ïÝ@?¢?ï?IÖß[5]:451B
@¥§?
JECEWE??GÝi??@?CB??ÊB
219úCB?ïÄ¢?ï?C?á¯?så[5]:451B?[?ai??IB?JECEWE??Gséz©ÈL?åBQ?@I?ì[5]:451B×èÓ?N??CÈúj~??GÝQ?@sgCœ?ÀC??GçÈN?œ?CT×èÓ«?ïåÍasåOv°ŽTVº[5]:451B?NÄ??ó?@C€a}a¯å}s¯ÓR@@???ôoÙr[1]:273[5]:451B310úCñ@@Ùr??Ga¯å}l??[5]:451B46úCmîBã?@@i??BIÅ@@jÈ6ä1I[?Êrè?ñ@@I»rCž@¥ã?C×èÓa?[?Rºä[7][5]:453B×èÓ???GÄ[8]Å?ã?¹?MÅ@@CA?@@ÈŽs?y?M@¥???R?è±?[1]:273CBêêÊ?ø??Iå@¯¥©mîBI?ËE?[?[1]:273B
€L16lö?yi??öhÄóN?Có?êxIOB?×èÓA¥ŽVê[6]B1900N5C×èÓŠóæÀ?gzC?BB?û¥GzEAEäÁiJames A. Mountj?øn×èÓñmîBó?[7]BOŒíÈ©ÈI???sT?ðÕ§?ŸæÆ[6]B16lüLÜló?CŽ?lÙß?ú[6]BóèßIOlª?¥EÞŒiHenry YoutseyjAgGEè·?úºiJim HowardjCÈy×èÓèºIB?š?zE??z[1]:273B?ûwTÌ??¥ŽI?lC§©?Iè·?úº?¥^³I¥è[1]:273[6]B?ÞŒ\öÆ°¢w?¹lCR@Ý@?ü×èÓ?æ
ªTûIwTChq¥ÝB?ïåÍêÓI}šêOAB?š?öºüi????[6]BA¥C?œ?ísI??ݵCL±V@????®°??[6]BmîB?Iåª@¯s¥i??h¯å}lC??çî{s¥¯å}}H[1]:273Bs?Cã?@@?åªs¥€a}lC°¥º?@@Ièß AèÉBIGð3ûŸ¯ÁÄÝœ œé©àµêÈ¢ÈÆNNµÄ°èÉ¢œ N«œçs@ÉÈÁÄ¢œ ªÂœèµœ¢ªœÉªÂœèµœç¢¢H YñŸAÌkðëÎÉ@«Â¯œ SBenI€a}lÄ?CÏ?ï«?cêèÊI?[ì?CŒi??\??B?[1]:271BXœ©?mîBIl????Bñ{[5]:446B×èÓÓ???IÇ?ºCâcLsTAïø?\ÍtËC°¥œß?±l?ñÆCŽåªlsÆ?¹[5]:446CA?¥L?OSl¯¹ºCÒÏ?ïI????[1]:271B?L±?«Ï?ïIß?ïãì?[3]:188Bª€a}?lnx@ISßC?±x@圥i??I}H[3]:188BB?×èÓ?ªl\ÈÍÆCR¥Œ?ºÌÝx@ßß?ó¹?
[3]:188B?¹ðÆög??ÁííßC?œ€a}l?nö?nc??ÝgãC?sàI??Îã?ûI¯?CpçLÁ?¹ónx@ßßIl[3]:189B
§oÝ1900Nsûàßü§tãIê?`?i??h?I?B
1900N130úCi??Ý?ÊüFI¯º?VB?ïåÍ?ËRíl??Å[1]:271-272CŒŠíßIðXÚó¡?[1]:272BX?Jö?s¥?lCŒ???¹?ïåÍIüû[5]:449BÏ?ïÝ@?Is??sïë[5]:449Ce¬?®S
Æ}h§??s[CÅ?Ê?I?éÌCi??a??G?ŸI@?[ÊÅœCÈ??ª??B?aB?[5]:449B
Ï?ïIï??©ê¢œ¬?@CB?×èÓézBà?°\ó?ó¢WB¯ºÒœBŒ?¢WB?ï¢?Á?ï?CAn_óñ@?C§¥€a}d??ÖC?ÌߢXÁÀSB¯å}???O?ÖCAŒ?Ù?¥N???üB?ïåÍC?¥V@Ý@?QIŽŒö€??sö¹l?Ö~Œ?üàB1900N131úC¯å}??Ý@?ðX?sé§ï?CÝvL€a}loÈIîvº[cÏ?ïI???Ê@»Céz¹«?ÊI?[ÙÁCßi???B?Bi??éŸA?@§ŠºßðU×èÓ¢WI¯ºC?ºßB?ïÝ@?dV¢?ï?B€a}T§I¯º?ðUCB?ïåÍIØão?¹¯å}T§I¯ºB®¢mîB¹à?I??B[1]:272
×èÓ«mîBIÇ?m¹à??C???h?M???s±?C§à?ümîBIï??Û?CüLÝsŸß?ËïoºôB€a}??y??×èÓIv°25úÝ?Ö¢?ï?C^¯?C¯å}??çÝB?ï?ïCðrVOé§ï?Â\¶ÝICœ@«??CóÄ[Ê?œh?ézi??a??G?Ÿ??C?lçÄéŸA?B[3]:233, 235, 239
×èÓÍƹ?Á?êÊÆL??ßIjqCÈ??©È¥Û¹R?LB?I?ÍBÍÆߟ¹???¯?I?uCA?ûÇl???úÆlBNl?SS×èÓïhB¯º?s«Æl?úCAŒV@óvLÑæCœs?B×èÓ??ÝB?¯@HìCü?LÀÛl?dºÛ?BÊ?vLñ??š\i??hqIá?C×èÓñ?ÌCÝvLx?Ñ?¯?ño?IîvCŒvL?Íôo??I??Cs??¥©z¹500ü³ïì??àB[3]:233, 236
23úCãC?4VIi??^¢?«[1]:272BB2014N5{CŒ¹¥ü?LIêÊÝCãh?IB?[1]:272Bì?????Åï?«IlšCi??Içß??I?nL?a[1]:273BoûI??lN¹ê???C×èÓaB??[?ÞÊCì?ð?CŒ?«ÆóCœ^i??öhÄL?IN?[5]:451B¯?@?IB¯º«\ÈðUC?ï?si????@tCpXöœI@¥ãÖ[5]:451BA¥C×èÓ?Ý??ã?[5]:451Cü¥ð¹B?ïÝ@?¢?ï?IÖß[5]:451B
@¥§?
JECEWE??GÝi??@?CB??ÊB
219úCB?ïÄ¢?ï?C?á¯?så[5]:451B?[?ai??IB?JECEWE??Gséz©ÈL?åBQ?@I?ì[5]:451B×èÓ?N??CÈúj~??GÝQ?@sgCœ?ÀC??GçÈN?œ?CT×èÓ«?ïåÍasåOv°ŽTVº[5]:451B?NÄ??ó?@C€a}a¯å}s¯ÓR@@???ôoÙr[1]:273[5]:451B310úCñ@@Ùr??Ga¯å}l??[5]:451B46úCmîBã?@@i??BIÅ@@jÈ6ä1I[?Êrè?ñ@@I»rCž@¥ã?C×èÓa?[?Rºä[7][5]:453B×èÓ???GÄ[8]Å?ã?¹?MÅ@@CA?@@ÈŽs?y?M@¥???R?è±?[1]:273CBêêÊ?ø??Iå@¯¥©mîBI?ËE?[?Eû?[1]:273B
€L16lö?yi??öhÄóN?Có?êxIOB?×èÓA¥ŽVê[6]B1900N5C×èÓŠóæÀ?gzC?BB?û¥GzEAEäÁiJames A. Mountj?øn×èÓñmîBó?[7]BOŒíÈ©ÈI???sT?ðÕ§?ŸæÆ[6]B16lüLÜló?CŽ?lÙß?ú[6]BóèßIOlª?¥EÞŒiHenry YoutseyjAgGEè·?úºiJim HowardjCÈy×èÓèºIB?š?zE??z[1]:273B?ûwTÌ??z¥@ågCÚI¥??ÈÖ×èÓ\???A?[1]:273CÞŒ¥ŽI?lC§©?Iè·?úº?¥^³I¥è[1]:273[6]B?ÞŒ\öÆ°¢w?¹lCR@Ý@?ü×èÓ?æÆ ?RVOL??œo?\Ís?I?ŸCA??úi117újBàî`?Ìã??œÃ[5]:440CSBüLs12líß[5]:440B[I??ñ?¬xkC
¹?¹RÙ@?è?Ê[1]:270BÅ?³®???ÊoFC×èÓ?Ÿ¹193714[Ci??191331[[1]:270CzNüL12040[Cl¯}ó?lz?Ÿ2
936[[1]:270B¯å}öàªôÈyæO}ó?lI¶Ý§?{¹????[1]:270Bs?Cݳ®?ÊézOCBàAß??no???ŸIwT[5]:441B
????L1200??[ãc€a}ó?lIŒÊ¬gW. P. Taylorh§s¥³?IgW. S. TaylorhC¯å}ºÌ?±?[??ì?[5]:441B?z?a?Ë???
¯ø
?[p¿ŸC?vŽ[ÂÈžOÊÅoCž¹Û§«[5]:441Bêʯå}¡VÂrv«HÕz??IS?[ì?i×èÓÝHÕz??
?ŸI[äi??vœß3000[5]:441jCR¥B¯º?n?¯?s¹°?[5]:441BmîBã?@@Ùè????I??[LÁC?¥€a}lú?
ŸIê?[5]:443BA¥??IÅ??ÊùvRªsi????@t¬§I??Ï?ïÙè[5]:441BSBenÙ?¥x¯å}?¥€a}I??sÄÜe
ûÚóÏ?ïIrè?Å?Ùr[5]:441B
Ï?ïß?úúI?ßCÇ??n?Ÿ??CÈ€a}è????I?mî?nLœá¬?Íl?B
255BòÆIa¶Cã\ uN{IËjviPhilosophic BreakthroughjIJn[60]:60C vzjnòÆCEq³×u²SËjv?J[1]:109-110A60B©Œ
¿NCòÆBÝ I¹úº³çA¡Ó¯`ÔaÐðÏûÊC?Lå±nÊ[2]:49BòÆsd¥êíN{œ@³C§¥ê
vzénCSÊÀrlÔC
nÆëA ÆVºCsÝòÆÍ¡V?Cåv¬ACÝñr×ârèI¡aÐð[7]:230A1B é§åvÂû®@ÆÛCòÆêʬקÜI
HïCêʧñ¹@Æ[48]:126BòÆÀñl@³iPrivate religionjCÈ¥¯ûIuö€@³viPublic religionjCEqêÊS©sð`ÕCòÆV®äoÕETW
éiCÀñç±Âl[62]:30A34-35CòÆÕâJRc霎bºåCcéA¥ÅI@³Ì³[5]:1B»ãØlåœÉsÄF×òÆ¥@³[62]:30C
AÝŸŽ_ãCòÆ`ÛLŽÊ»IêÊC휯S©ìO³VêCÂåÌׯÔ@³COê³AÍìO³°³hså£O³êCê¹`Eq
AVqaÅc[8]:77A80-82BòÆ¥lÞjãêåvzénäo{pBCäoųAî³AÉz³@³ÀñCí×¢Eãêíåv@³A
C\¥ vz¹òCú{AØ azìí×òÆV C|òƶ»V[2]:13BÝú{Cúºì{ñçòÆÏC¯éLÀèÐðIÁÊ[32]:17G
Îc~âvzÆÀž_¹³Aò³äoųO³Các_¹³nÊÅ[36]:199B1970NãNC±ãSàZNòCú{a±Fl¬ŽsLòÆwiCn¢¹ãS
Ýl?ì??jwTOI?¶»IOI?óCŒè¶iú?FŒè¶jIuȩ?vïèIžìk©?ããInæ¬?æêQÆáBÈŒI
um¢EvIè`?wWC¹ȩC?ï?Aò³AųA¥ß§B?¢w?Iåv©?LV
i©?ŒìjAÝCi©?Œky?
V?CóÁü¹V¬§IåzizìjBú?FŒè¶jIueÌ
ñ{@?[5]:443BÏ?ïézŽÙrOsv?C?±l?IlÄ??500[5]:443BßlÓOI¥C?¢Êí??Ri??åTIÏ?ïÅ?È2ä
1I[?ÊÙèCß?ézI???ÊLÁ[6]BÏ?ïIœÓ?ÌCŒ?vLCœi@?Í?sß?Cßæoû?lI??[5]:444B×èÓö°1899N
°1901N???MQ??CAŒÅ@?¥ßž¹}h??lIvC?Ï?ïIrèño?^[5]:444BB¯å}åÈ¢E?iAllie Youngj¢W¯å}??°1
900N11ú¢?}?ï?BïãrèñŒJECESEz{???MQ??Ci???BQ?@????CçžzEÁÑiSouth Trimblej?B??@??ñŒBB
?ï?ï@C?êʯå}ñŒl?s¬÷?C?}RÝ?@s?L¹????BB??[?üBQ?@?ð¹ê?Ï?ïŒ?CAQ?@È19[?
17[rè«Žì?Cü?áyi??ñI?ê?Œ?BB??@ço??îvCáy¹??ÁÑ?ðI40¢Ï?ïŒ?CŽvLCœê¢€a}l
œB[3]:157, 167, 17412úCB?ïßæ¹i??a??G????ÊI?^[3]:167Có°úÏC¹ê¢Ï?ï?L???ŸA?¯ó¯ºñ@°?
IwT?s??[1]:271BÏ?ï¬?®÷??CA?ê???öçkÂ\ó?C€?11Œ¬?üL1Œ€a}l[1]:271C@ÊÂÆ??lä?ZC€a
}lIÊ??ïL45l[5]:445B?@?Ï?ï?CVÏCIÏ?ï?ÝB?ïñov??s??C??ùÀ§Ý??ßL??Iä?àCÅ??R?
@?Èï??s[\r[3]:174B????ê??èC?Èï?R??@??åC§ñ?áß?RB?å[3]:174B€a}h??±ðŒ\Šœ?C
AR°¯å}??èL??œC?±œ?vLNìp ·éÆëΪêA©çàFÉõèPšÌª»êœ ?RVOL??œo?\Ís?I?ŸCA??úi117újBàî`?Ìã??œÃ[5]:440CSBüLs12líß[5]:440B[I??ñ?¬xkC
¹?¹RÙ@?è?Ê[1]:270BÅ?³®???ÊoFC×èÓ?Ÿ¹193714[Ci??191331[[1]:270CzNüL12040[Cl¯}ó?lz?Ÿ2
936[[1]:270B¯å}öàªôÈyæO}ó?lI¶Ý§?{¹????[1]:270Bs?Cݳ®?ÊézOCBàAß??no???ŸIwT[5]:441B
????L1200??[ãc€a}ó?lIŒÊ¬gW. P. Taylorh§s¥³?IgW. S. TaylorhC¯å}ºÌ?±?[??ì?[5]:441B?z?a?Ë???
¯ø
?[p¿ŸC?vŽ[ÂÈžOÊÅoCž¹Û§«[5]:441Bêʯå}¡VÂrv«HÕz??IS?[ì?i×èÓÝHÕz??
?ŸI[äi??vœß3000[5]:441jCR¥B¯º?n?¯?s¹°?[5]:441BmîBã?@@Ùè????I??[LÁC?¥€a}lú?
ŸIê?[5]:443BA¥??IÅ??ÊùvRªsi????@t¬§I??Ï?ïÙè[5]:441BSBenÙ?¥x¯å}?¥€a}I??sÄÜe
ûÚóÏ?ïIrè?Å?Ùr[5]:441B
Ï?ïß?úúI?ßCÇ??n?Ÿ??CÈ€a}è????I?mî?nLœá¬?Íl?B
255BòÆIa¶Cã\ uN{IËjviPhilosophic BreakthroughjIJn[60]:60C vzjnòÆCEq³×u²SËjv?J[1]:109-110A60B©Œ
¿NCòÆBÝ I¹úº³çA¡Ó¯`ÔaÐðÏûÊC?Lå±nÊ[2]:49BòÆsd¥êíN{œ@³C§¥ê
vzénCSÊÀrlÔC
nÆëA ÆVºCsÝòÆÍ¡V?Cåv¬ACÝñr×ârèI¡aÐð[7]:230A1B é§åvÂû®@ÆÛCòÆêʬקÜI
HïCêʧñ¹@Æ[48]:126BòÆÀñl@³iPrivate religionjCÈ¥¯ûIuö€@³viPublic religionjCEqêÊS©sð`ÕCòÆV®äoÕETW
éiCÀñç±Âl[62]:30A34-35CòÆÕâJRc霎bºåCcéA¥ÅI@³Ì³[5]:1B»ãØlåœÉsÄF×òÆ¥@³[62]:30C
AÝŸŽ_ãCòÆ`ÛLŽÊ»IêÊC휯S©ìO³VêCÂåÌׯÔ@³COê³AÍìO³°³hså£O³êCê¹`Eq
AVqaÅc[8]:77A80-82BòÆ¥lÞjãêåvzénäo{pBCäoųAî³AÉz³@³ÀñCí×¢Eãêíåv@³A
C\¥ vz¹òCú{AØ azìí×òÆV C|òƶ»V[2]:13BÝú{Cúºì{ñçòÆÏC¯éLÀèÐðIÁÊ[32]:17G
Îc~âvzÆÀž_¹³Aò³äoųO³Các_¹³nÊÅ[36]:199B1970NãNC±ãSàZNòCú{a±Fl¬ŽsLòÆwiCn¢¹ãS
Ýl?ì??jwTOI?¶»IOI?óCŒè¶iú?FŒè¶jIuȩ?vïèIžìk©?ããInæ¬?æêQÆáBÈŒI
um¢EvIè`?wWC¹ȩC?ï?Aò³AųA¥ß§B?¢w?Iåv©?LV
i©?ŒìjAÝCi©?Œky?
V?CóÁü¹V¬§IåzizìjBú?FŒè¶jIueÌ
ñ{@?[5]:443BÏ?ïézŽÙrOsv?C?±l?IlÄ??500[5]:443BßlÓOI¥C?¢Êí??Ri??åTIÏ?ïÅ?È2ä
1I[?ÊÙèCß?ézI???ÊLÁ[6]BÏ?ïIœÓ?ÌCŒ?vLCœi@?Í?sß?Cßæoû?lI??[5]:444B×èÓö°1899N
°1901N???MQ??CAŒÅ@?¥ßž¹}h??lIvC?Ï?ïIrèño?^[5]:444BB¯å}åÈ¢E?iAllie Youngj¢W¯å}??°1
900N11ú¢?}?ï?BïãrèñŒJECESEz{???MQ??Ci???BQ?@????CçžzEÁÑiSouth Trimblej?B??@??ñŒBB
?ï?ï@C?êʯå}ñŒl?s¬÷?C?}RÝ?@s?L¹????BB??[?üBQ?@?ð¹ê?Ï?ïŒ?CAQ?@È19[?
17[rè«Žì?Cü?áyi??ñI?ê?Œ?BB??@ço??îvCáy¹??ÁÑ?ðI40¢Ï?ïŒ?CŽvLCœê¢€a}l
œB[3]:157, 167, 17412úCB?ïßæ¹i??a??G????ÊI?^[3]:167Có°úÏC¹ê¢Ï?ï?L???ŸA?¯ó¯ºñ@°?
IwT?s??[1]:271BÏ?ï¬?®÷??CA?ê???öçkÂ\ó?C€?11Œ¬?üL1Œ€a}l[1]:271C@ÊÂÆ??lä?ZC€a
}lIÊ??ïL45l[5]:445B?@?Ï?ï?CVÏCIÏ?ï?ÝB?ïñov??s??C??ùÀ§Ý??ßL??Iä?àCÅ??R?
@?Èï??s[\r[3]:174B????ê??èC?Èï?R??@??åC§ñ?áß?RB?å[3]:174B€a}h??±ðŒ\Šœ?C
AR°¯å}??èL??œC?±œ?vLNìp i??I??ÇêïQ???Ez{AOB?û¥GzEBE¢a¡VÂàߌECiPercy HalyjBŒI??°8
12úÝ~äÉ?úºf?çC?s¥mîBÅŒI¯å}d?Bi????¹HÕz??a?Y???HöiCówT
BOIxLé?vW????mîBB????¶e?B[5]:429-430×èÓI??°822úÝ?Ö?nC?¢¥?mîBI€a}_[5]:430[3]:72BŒIx
ÒïQ??úºÉA?M???Ç??EiiSamuel PughjA?zE??zaO€a}B?ó?lï?zEZE?iThomas Z. MorrowCŒç¥B?zfúºI·vj
[3]:72[5]:432B×èÓ??à?úú?o?I??É?[5]:432CóñÁ?l€a}ž¢x??üKlIzðCºÌi??I?«ï?vg¡zðhC©È¯?œ???Izð[5]:432B
zNI???°826úÝ??iÑW?[3]:70BR°NßNóvÀCŒ?¢¯úü\?sê??[3]:77Bs?Œ?¥?ÝSBenìé?C?i??I
©R?¢???O?÷ño?^[5]:432BŒ????¹?å?ñŒåïC???ËECEzm¢ïafHèÓzE?Ð?iLazarus W. Powellj??I?å¯å}O?¥
Ûïxß?åï?¶IêØ[5]:432BŒ?á?si????@tA¥p§¢?¡IHï[5]:432BzNIIÊ?ŠLÀCAŸ¹ŽxÒ?\?I?[[3]:77B
Êí?CÈOM?IxÒs¥¯å}I[?CAi??R°?\Áük?§s\?ªË??êª?[B¯?Ci??\Ý1895Nöl¶
Éüê?^OM?
xÒ?ËEKúºiJohn Sanfordj?sIrlCŒ©Èöó?C?û??ds¡C??vzNIxÒŒœEû?iKúº¶OIüFj?ŒÁ???Bû?\Ý??
iÑI??Wïã???yi??FgmîB¯å}lQãÚåïCÈŽqd??ê¢Ú翬lÅ?¬??¢?åBIB??Cäïx?¢l??Aöxüïäó
I?váiÓŠüLÝó??Ëïxjh[5]:433Bi????f?\?ú®°€a}IüKl?[Có]???ß±?xãsâs?IOM?xÒ?[IË?CA
ŒK?¬SsCÈÆ?ê?`?©ÈI}hB^ŽŒ¯å}ls¯I¥Ci??vL[x?ê?vüKlalgpÝu??H?{I@ÄBåªüKlsœ?
?@Ci??ö??sÊðÆ??¢??\?CA¥Ê??ÍCŒ?¥sŸsÝ€gÁIê???³?©Èx?@Cóïœ?«Ž?B×èÓçi?
?ê???ñð?ê??Có]ðƟ߀a}Ig?hªxCAÝi??\?êü@C×èÓ\Ÿ¹©ÈIœ?§?B?ç¬????öI?Ü_CŽ{?×èÓ??â
?ÁSIl¯}ç??LB{ö?ñŒ¹ó?lC?i??Ý?}IxŠ¢¬se?B?Rl¯}I????^i???CA?}çŸ???¹si?
???@tB1895NB???Il¯}ó?lï?zEÎäÚÁiThomas Pettitj?i??ôé?CA}hIŽŒåª??lsvL??ôBÊ?eûxso?Ü?
sOiCi???ÐõEû¥?zEz¶OmîBC?©ÈI??ÐÅBz¶Lg?åIÊlhVÌCñíómîBl¯AÁ?¥¯å}al¯}l?
}BŒN?¹i??I?CAV@?¥BàCÝOVI??¢^i??êNenæxBz¶sL°¯å}??Ýi??g@C?ßzNI?œxÒsü?xi??B[5]:436-437
z¶??mîBsvCB?zfúºü·Õ?C?×èÓ?W¡?BŒ?Ì©Èü¥z??¯å}lIw??©È??Is???CAsHÕz??Mgú?
tiLouisville Courier-Journaljå?EÁXiHenry WattersonjwoCzfúºLÓ???MQ??CÈ?¥Œæ×èÓxIèiBzfúºžHÕz???n
ñ?Cá?¯å}sŸs?Žó?liwi??jžBO?ûêÊ?Æiwz¶jCö?mîBÅ?GIlsß?eP¹Œiwi??jBzfúº?Èi??
¢\?Ÿ?œdÊ?¯å}lIxì??ŸCŽïi??ÈOI¿F?ËEGE??iJohn G. CarlislejAQ??ÐõEÑ?iWilliam LindsayjA???WECEPEzm
¢ïCÈy?ËEYEzNAŒœEû?AWECE¢¶zAÁEûaÐõEzÊBŒÛãüKl??x€a}Cp©ÈCœüKlSCà?¯?^¯å}x?H?{?°u?
@V?ô?äBzfúºa€a}?³iV@?\SCB?jÃzzEEEÐ??iAugustus E. WillsonjÝBàñ?C?€a}ó?l?ø?^CzøIlQ?íä×èÓ???ÍXåB[5]:437, 439
??ú?L??¯ú?CzNÝÌó?óö¿ã?ÖB??Œ{ßó]Ûä©I???X¥áãÁC??ç?R¬?i??a×èÓ?l?I?B?lÅ@
{V¢sÝHÕz??ôé?Cö??¢lû?œCK«¬???I??Bi????U?HÕz??a?Y???HöiCx?HHl?HC?wT€a}¥ïf
zIØôB€a}a¯å}sxÌC?û}hÂ\ïô?ó?{??Ÿa\Í?Bi??h¯å}lCHÕz??s???zEPE?€iCharles P. WeaverjÝ??O
«?sxÍúÁ¹500lC?ø¹?¯ïÝ?só°?IwTBB?zfúº°¥Ê?¢W¯ºôDœèSBCœ?s?Iy?ÁÈœ?BsHÕz??Mgú?tÝ??úðãÊ
FgBAYONET RulehiÓ?sh?¡ €a}IöÝB?ó?lNk[3]:50BÐõEû¥?zEz¶Ý1896N??å?È1.8[I???ŸmîBC?œlö??18
99NIB???çmè說å}IVº[3]:50GL±lm¹¯å}lmèï?zfúº{¡Áw?CóÙÓÉüŽ?s??[
3]:50Gsi????@t?¶I÷§?ßê±l???Oisøú][3]:50Bs?C¯å}ÝñŒåïãIª??€a}?³lšŽÛ
[5]:425CÝCB??@?ÐõESE×èÓæê¢ézQ?CókõAŸ¹€a}Q??ÐõEúºÉiWilliam DeboejIx[3]:50[5]:4
25BV@ÁüIó?lïè·àz?@¯v?EJEfÁiClifton J. PrattjyÝCB???RGEHEzÊiSam H. Stonej[3]:50BŽ
fÁ@¯¥B?zfúºI?_l?¹sñ¯Öæ???tiLexington Heraldjå?RGEJE?ïiSam J. RobertsjIx
[5]:425B×èÓ¥êÊ^i?¡Æ[5]:425BŒ¬÷nÝe?ã\?§N?åI¡÷íCÈ¥ÅL]?ŸñŒ
Ió?l[5]:425B€a}ñŒåï°712ú?[3]:52BB?zfúºvLoÈï?Cö?Œ?}hèíRvLe?l??Œ
??I?ÊŽ?{[5]:425B}àIüKl?³Ð?ïÇzfúºC?s??ê?ñŒåïCö?Œ?M×èÓã\¹€a}àIg?
hªx[5]:425B×èÓCœêÊüKl?³SCé??C?³?@Ê?CAïCœŽŒüKl?³¬?©ÈIà?¬?Có]ÈÛ
}h??[5]:425BŒ?³?ïñŒzfúºIOºúº·EPE?SCB?šCó]\?zfúºoÈï?[5]:425CA@ÒvLÚó[5]:425
BÊ?×èÓÝï???ãôIwÍC???zÊéz©Èó]?}hÛ??Cñ?SÌêvÊ?R×èÓŸñŒCfÁ@¯\È?
[3]:53BŽŒñŒl?ï?ËE?[??B?C?zE??ziCaleb Powersj??B?šCfÁ@¯?B?@?[5]:426Bg?M??
?¿h걯å}l¹R?¹?å?ñŒåïI?ÊãÔãÔ°?C??êi??I?âCÐõEzÊö?¹©È^i???¬I??CÈyi
??¥@œwP?ê??I?îBi??I¿???Œ??CAzÊI?@kõAŸ¹O?M???WECE¢¶ziW. C. OwensjI
??B¢¶z¢¯å}la}ó?lC?i??Ù?üœ¡pÍçÙ@?B?B[3]:44, 46êQx?MQ???Ez
{iJo BlackburnjIHÕz??¯å}lñæño¹¢??ê?ñŒåïIvB@svCŒ?ÝäÁzÁ?¢?å^ï?óèº
Ÿ?Ú?Crè°82úÝñ¯Ö¢?ï?C§?VñŒåïI??ûÄB@¢?IQ?ï?ãúoÁ§Ì«ï¢??ê?ñŒåï
aystyle f\ }f\ WÉF{\displaystyle f=2\omega \sin(\phi )\ }Žv×n
©çz¬xI
œªÊBRö®ÂmÜxúCÈ¢úÁ¬xú
åCÝÔ¹æùjBÈÍÝônçzÎüÍCù^®Ie¿åvL_ÂCêûÊè¹ùnIùçzû®G?êûÊ
¥¥èùIOiûüBácóØòxiüáØSCR嬮äon
©çzû®I·ÙCðg嬮ᢶêèöxIΣB
ÝkŒ
CácáØSÈkIóìÚCðüäon
©çzœIûüiŒûjΣGŽÈìIókÚ¥ðün
©çzIûüiûjΣ
C§ìŒ
óΣIûüœBö×ÈÍäoóüáØSI¬xŒCÖn¢¹ùnùçzIŽ®ÍFkŒ
Iùtjû
üçz®CìŒ
Iù¥jûüçz®B[31][32]ÈÍçgùnÝLø±¬e¿ºÚü_ÉB[33]Mæùü_ÉùçzI
ªðóÈÍe¿çj÷úÁü_ÉIªÊC§ŽüÔ¹ùçzIª¥ðíçj÷úÁüÔ¹IªÊBÝn
ãzÚßÔ¹ÈÍðzãC
COB??ËEYEzN«ÚóåïñŒBR°zN\í??i??IxÒCÈ?êÁ§Ý¯å}løN¹s¬I??BL60¢?Iã
\oȹ82úÝñ¯Ö¢?Iï?CïãÊ?¹x1896N¯å}SåïÊ?I¯å}}?CÈyÐõEû¥?zEz¶QÁ1900N
??å?IñÄBÚº¥OB?zNü?l?BÅ??ã\¯Ó°816ú¢?ñŒåïB[3]:46-47, 60mîBIS120¢?C
L108¢hoã\oȹñŒåï[3]:68BŽïsñ¯Öæ???tAsHÕz????tiLouisville Evening PostjasHÕz???x
?tiLouisville DispatchjI??CO?M???¢¶zCOB???¬û?E??ziHarvey Myers, Jr.jCÈy¡VÂÐõEÈÉiWilli
am MackoyjA?ËEÐ?iJohn WhallenjaŒœEû?iTheodore Hallamj[5]:428BåïÅ?ñŒ¹ênñIB{¯?l?CŽÈOB
?zNñ[5]:428Bïã?ño¹??¹?å?åïCsi????@tÈyÐõEà???M{s?I??±BŸœm
Œø±¬žãB[29]g¥œækœMæùIOgC[30]§ÝóxmaŒŸœmC\I`¬åvíMæçtæaG
IG
£GŽÈìIókÚ¥ðün
©çzIûüiûjΣC§ìŒ
óΣIûüœBö×ÈÍäoóüáØSI¬xŒ
ÊC§ŽüÔ¹ù »±©çª¶ÜêœÌÅ€¿ÌRÍÔÊRÆà
úŽÆàÄÎêÏõX|bgÆ»µœ €LOÊó?léz©ÈLÓ?1899NB???¯å}ñŒCi??OC?O?ʪ?¥OmîB??@?ÁEûiWat HardinjaO?M?
??ÐõEJEzÊiWilliam J. Stonej[4]:666B©àÒàì?IûÛLHÕz??a?Y???HöiIxGV?IzÊ??LBà??v?ÌIx
G§åªIés?¯sxi??B[4]:666NCûÅÅLó]?ŸñŒ[4]:666Bi??azÊŸC@Êe©??CŒ?Ê?ûs|Ù?
ZC°¥oûe©hoã\°1899N619ú?sïÊó?¬??[5]:418Bi??hQÁïÊIŽêÊã\Þ¢EÞúºXiUrey WoodsonjŸCo
û?I???èC©HÕz??A³?xi??Iã\CïLŒ[xzÊ[4]:666Boûêv¯ÓCêûÝ??žœå?Þo@CA
ïÛã©ÈêhIã\x?êûCsvc[?û[4]:666B¯å}ñŒåï°620úÝHÕz??s?XI¹?å?¢?[4]:666Bï?Iæêv?
A¥ñŒêÊåïåÈBzÊIxÒEMEû¥GziOllie M. JamesjñŒ¹@¯å?Eúº ¶iDavid Redwinej[5]:418BÞúºX?ñŒ\Š?@C
zÊai??V??¬I??çA?Ÿl€m[5]:418BûIxÒñŒÐõEHEzÐòiWilliam H. SweeneyjCAzÊ^i???¬I?¿?Ûúº
¶¬÷?[5]:419BLœ¢?ã\?I¬??ió?^Cã\?i??Ï?ï«??±??ôoÙr[5]:419B?êÏ?ïIl?¬ç?ûs
CS13ŒÏ?CŒIxÒüè¹4Œ[5]:419BÏ?ïI?ú??ßã\??ŸÅçNsÀCÈS?Il???ŽùL^ïã\CçLÊS©??
t?¹?å???±?åï[4]:666Búº ¶¢WHÕz??sx@?üå??CûIxÒ°¥wT?êsa?T°???[4]:667Bã\?i
Ýú?n[4]:667Bû??©Èó¹\?C°¥Þo¹?CA?¥L±?Iã\??[xŒ[5]:420Bï?ã\?ËEzïã?E?iJohn
Stockdale RheajñŒ¹zÊ[4]:667CzÊ??È?
ûIÞoCi??ïªVOI??wŠxÒ[x©ÈC??}h??[4]:667Cvzk
õL?êÊã\ñŒi??[4]:667BL©HÕz??Iã\s[x¹i??C??ê?{¹zÊCö??lI??¥?±ã\ïLêŒx
zÊC?ç\Ÿi??ß?wP¹VOI?è[4]:667Bê±zÊIxÒ??n[xû??[4]:667Bû?ÝÅzÊai??I?¿yö
¢ð@dVQ?[5]:421B???[Cåï°624?èüKÇC?Êl?süŸ?OªVêI?[x[3]:32B625úi¯úújxïêVB¹
626úi¯úêj?ã\Ôñ¹?å??C?¢ß??s¥x@CŒ?s¥?úº ¶I?O[4]:667B?vx@????CÈÆã\ó°
?CAúº ¶Ùr?êñ?sÁ?ö[4]:667B?êÊã\??úº ¶Irèñoã?CA@¯È?œ?ö?RÙèã?sÁ?ö[5]:42
1B?±Ÿ?¶ÝÎ?Irè{¹zÊaûIxÒCŒ??nÊ?A¥ÌAå^å©ÈyâÖqãœ?èi???åï[4]:667B?R
ïãL?
W?[CAR°??êЬCåªã\söÙ@Ž^¹ðï??ö§ºP?[[4]:667B??[??@Ê?\Z¥[I????©
@Cï?åÈézi???Ÿ?Œ?[xCAi?????úº ¶C\Š©ÈüLÝ?Ÿ??œ[xIîvºËïÚóñŒ[5]:422BV@Ä
x???sI[só¹?I±?Cï?°¥@êV[4]:667B627úãCå??°ø?¹[4]:667BzÊaûsvÙÀúxï[5]:422B
Aúº ¶ÄÙè?êvyŽ@Iã?sÁ?ö[5]:422BxzÊaûI{Ê?³lšézCŒ?sïÄOêVß??åïCóï
çï?Irè[5]:422B[?n@CzÊaû???¿?Ri??AvL¬÷C???sI24?[svLó?l?Ÿ?Œ[CåïÄèü?
[4]:667BV@ã\?¯Óݺ?[¿Ÿ[ÅIó?lC?ÊzÊæê¢oÇ[4]:667BŽ{ª?xzÊai??IésSæ?¯C?ÝS
??xi??C§VOxzÊIŒ??º?¯?¬?ûIxÒ[5]:423BoûIŸ[¹RkÚßCAi???@?Ÿ¹zÊIà¹òV?ã
\xCR?ŸñŒ[4]:667B?ÊoF@CûazÊxÒI?³lš³?ïxi??Cs?çL±ã\³?I¥LðIx[5]:423B¯å
}ñŒIB?l?¥?N?29?IJECEWE??GC?vL?@¥ãSCB?IN?ºÀ[5]:423Bi????ê??ño?^Cö???GI
Ì?????VO\[xûCóî{ã¥R¡VÂ{E?Ë?iBen JohnsonjT§BAi??I¿FüŒÛ?C??Gï?nxŒño
I?ö[5]:423BŽŒñŒl??ïOM??l¬?ÁE^ã?Ezm¢ïiRobert Jefferson Breckinridge, Jr.j??B?@?[5]:424C?êñŒåv¥
?¹À?}àI?œOM?¬?Cö?i??I?VO\Áük?ì?[5]:424Bs?C?¹Rs«È?zm¢ïIFFCO?M???WECEPEz
m¢ïiW. C. P. Breckinridgejxi? »±ÖnåÆŒæéjª»êA±ÌRÍŽÌàÌŸÆŸ¢oµœ N117ú?sC|Ý?oæ33CmîBB?B?IÝCB?¥€a}lÐõENÞ?EzfúºCŒ
ömîB?@?èICúÀ§§s\???CB¯å}lÝHÕÛ¢¹?å??sIñŒåïèü
êЬa?CÅ???¹BQ??ÐõEi??ì?}hó?lB?i??I¡èiŽ?{Iê
h¯å}l©Ìg?M???¿hiHonest Election DemocratsjCV@¢?¹?ÆIñŒåïCñŒOB?
?ËEYEzNQ?B€a}ñŒI¥B?@?ÐõESE×èÓCAÝCB?zfúºS?Ll?CÈÝV
§I??ü?\×èÓkIxB??ÊC×èÓÈ192714[??Ÿ[191331Ii??CzN
Ÿ¹12040[C?ŸVC@Ês¥¯å}àªôC????kÂ\«Ri???oB?ê?Êó?
?ŸIwTCs?ßlÓOI¥CRi??ñ@ħA§L¬?s¥Œ?_?W¯å}lI
B??Ï?ï?¥?¹×èÓI?B?{I¯å}??pmîB?ïIœÈʧ¹ê¢Ï
?ï?L???ŸIwT?s??B€a}è????I?mîB?nLl?OüBñ{C
ó]\j~¯å}lÞæ??¬ÊBÏ?ï?z?OCi??°1900N130úó??ó@?ü
ßðXÚó¡?BV@Ï?ï?z?CB?ïÊ?éz«?ÊI?[ÙÁßi??a??G
?B×èÓIB??Ê?êxCi??°131úéŸA?CA22úAö?ds¡BB?JECEWE?
?G?C¹B???Có^×èÓAB??ÊI?®W?¹?úvIi@å?BÅ???G??C
xWhACE2Cö^COVID-19a³æ?IS???L?nB[306][308]Äzn???ã??ꌫ³ÒICTeC
×èÓŠóæÀ?BCÈÆó???i??IwTB€L16lö^Ã?¶Ý??óN?C5lI
Ä?s¹ë?CŽ?lÙß?úBºIOlL?læ@èßCA?»?ö??s?
AÈw@€?Ê?ŠI?s?L³Ò?{¢??aÅ?ÃVI?{^H13aH38??CBå{€õ
æâ??CÂ\¥ö×ácéiåvÌ©ôÆèêyçÎ@C§éiÌWÔÇÀ2019N1224úa
2020N15úCö×Ý¿iséiÌWÔr?CácêêyId{^kLÂ\ßãSíyA·qy
Id{^Ö·[4][5]BOEêx??uîᢹ¿s]¿œØìCNáá¢sêñ@ç÷SIì¡CA¹Lù
?Ä?a??¥2019N1117ú[22]B327úsÈwt§?I?ŸTSåCIÑ?\ŠCgvL??I?
³??XDn€aÅIN¹[23]BhöC³¶ññá?a??È??¯s??Iw?€?Ê?yCŠ121ú[21]B
?°2019¥?aÅaŽŒŒÌCQ?2019¥óaÅauî?ðÚõø ?yœŒB?I????^?îvÎájC§
âi[14]B1911NChåvœ¹N??¶Ý?¢Cد ?¶°[15]B1927NCk°I¯{rè«?
?ó?æiñsjCó«Ž??Iæꢌ?s[16]B¯NñC ¯{y ¯ê}Ïõð?
?C €?ê}çV?CgŽZú¬?S¡A??A¶»S[17]BRú?úC¯{Ýà
?Én\«?è???s[18]C¬?æñ¢Eå?Å_ésB1949NÈ@C??^¬?SdvIH?înA
ȳîna?ðÊ?BA³çSyðÊAÊM?[9]CÆ?j¶»Œé[10]CLgãÈÊåËhVâi[11]B
?Â?CŒ?@s?Ÿ¹B?IÍÆBi??Iöh¡¹RvL?Ø??BümîBÝ1895
NB????o¹?jãæêÊ€a}B?ÐõEOEzfúºBŒ¬÷np¯å}Ý©R?¢??
??ã¶ÝIàª?CÈyêÊkL?ÍæO}ó?l??l¯}Iï?zESEÎäÚÁiThomas S. Pe
ttitj??I¶ÝCÈs9000[I???Ÿ?B????ç?u
mîB?V@ß30N¢?}
?I?nB[1]:267-268©m??IÐõEi??ÝmîBQ?@?I?pC¬?N?êã¯å}
lIV?³CŒ?í??å^é?CÁ?¥HÕz??a?Y???HöiI?laHl?IüFB
i??ÈÇüÇŸAP°Z??ŒC?¶¢¥CçvLœüFCŒQ??âí¥?¹¡?ÍB[1]:268-269
1898N§@ï?ú?Ci??¬?BQ?@????B1898N21úCŒño¹ê?V@lÌsi??
??@tiGoebel Election LawjI@Ä[2]B?@§¹ê¢B??Ï?ïCOʬ?RB?ïwhC?
???SBL?I????CóL??¶Ý?I??ìoÙr[2]BR°¯å}ÝB?ïè
????C?ê@¥?ów?Cíá?ŸÚ?_I}h¡Cœ¥i??©©I\?Crª
¯å}ls\Šœ?[1]:270B?RL??Iœ?ºQCAi???¥¬÷?«?œI¯å}??|
B?zfúºIÛrC?@ij®¶Á¬?@¥[1]:270Bg?}h?³CŒî{ã?_¹??Ï?ï
¬?[3]:7C?IOls¥?W¯å}l??WESE?iW. S. Pryorj¥OmîBã?@@ñÈ@¯
CWETEºziW. T. Ellisj¥©Õ?z?IO?M???CºIêÊCEBEgöïiC. B. Poyntzj?¥
OmîB?HÏ?ïåÈ[3]:7B€a}l??¹ê??Äá??@ño?^CABã?@@??@
¥? ßïåvª¬??®a?᢮_íBœßïípšãœtAÖAA²AòsA£SÍA¥ÍA[âÎÁÈ
Ýv§ŸBd®IᢟçíÁüßïIÝvácC»ãÈZI³fÁüßïácCgªBßïÁžBZ¶Â
ȧßs¯ÝvIßïCúÁéIèËxaqÍB?°ßïI?qâ NwÆñ??v??Cà?¥??
I?XC??Ý??ãKR¥æ°à?Bp NwÆqÁEz?Ç??Cl?Ý®¬¹?a?Iåvgp
V@C®L]IžÍ¶ÝC??]IžÍI?A¥à?C??à?óvL÷IÚIBúº ¶šwÆ?¢
EJ?i?woCà?ós¥vLÚII?Cs¥^?p¶Ù?I?C§¥?«??I¶ôy?BŒ
©ÈA¥?väûßvBãSàZßïœl饌IßïæÌêCÝO\ ÆL1500IÆXCNzÆzL136
ü³ßï¥lÞ¶¶ßöIdv?CößïðãSàZ¢¬e¿BßúCßïç÷SðöâX§úÁB20
05NCü Ißïç÷Sã`zñ2290ü³B812?VÔIZ¶ÔIèAã`Éßñ×2,210ü³[8]BÝ2011Nñ
88%Ißï¥æ̬w(0-11?)[9]BßïöiïªZ¶ìDIüÌA²®Z¶IßïCó]ÝsêLXI
?LŠBkœIßïLMà¡Iõyãß¹CÈzøÝÔH¢E¬·Bü×Z I·Neil Friedmanñ
unV¥ßïÆIè®C×¹v¬÷CÝvßïùvLïAnVIÁ?CzVIZpyølüI?eCË\æš
¬wLÁìIêBvÀSKèÝê± ÆCð§@§KIßïi@€IÙÏØjùLxêCx
Â\ðL?HIëèšœ ÆLÀSWKè?±ßïÂÈÌSBŽå?¥×¹žàIÝIèšCá@ÎÐ
ëQCœ¥gÇÄz¹¢¬§Â\ðórëy¶œIIèšBNêk¬Ic¶Â\ðßïúiûC
ößïIÞ¿ðÁÈKÍCÈÆc¶ÅCçðKÍÞ¿ÈðÆÎÐBZ¶Â\®¢{?±¥ÀSIC?±¥
E?iAllie YoungjaÐõEJEäÉ??iWilliam J. FieldsjÝÊ??³lšx[3]:41-42CÈ?|«????ï?I
B?¬û¥GzEzFÁ[1]:164[3]:38aåwü®«
Œ«û¥GzEgúºhE?ïiJames "Red" RobertsjÝà
I?œó?lŸñŒ[7]B?RgLcŸCAf??¥ÝSs¹??I??B??ú?CŒÝ?ús??ti[1]:165Bs
HÕz??Mgú?tiLouisville Courier-Journaljœ???I??è@Cü€a}ó?lCHÕz??s?ÐõEBEû¢XiWilli
am B. Harrisonj\Šx[1]:165Bf?Ý??³?Ê?C«ïðLRÝCB?€GEDKXCœI€
a}B{¯???CO€a}B?ºúº·EPE?ÌŒ¥gžç???IߢÂIyšŽlhithe terrible Turk fro
¯å}l?[2]:362BÅ?f?Ý?ÈŽ?7.?æ?èC?ºmîBB???Ÿ[·IV??[6]:529BãC@
svCf???¹mîãZ?_?ïC?¥ê¢|Ýü\?Ÿ?mîãZ?_ÌIlñ?IP??[8]BSCB?ú?C
f?ê€ö\2368l?ê?_ÌC?ºVI??CóB2014N4¹RŸÈÛ[9]BŒö\?êÌIlÅ?mŒ
I¥û?úºEKúºzC@ÒpgKúºzãZhVŒ??¹múºî??õ`X[5]Bf??\ö\?œ?el?ê?_ÌCï~E
ëèšIC§êsêèðzLÂ\Iî`Cö±ßïIxêyKèñídvBèßïÀSC?ê Æ
LŽ©ÈIKèCAö×S
»ysêJúC¢Ee ó]²®Ž@KCge I@KêvBcZãSíðßï
úÝûDöǧßïI¬?yŽûœI¬?AiOIdv[10]Bê± Æœ¥fÕéiá@^¿jALöz
ŽdCǧßïy¢¬NpïIÖp»{š¿BLèÜh¿Icèç¥èIdvCác?iŸœCŽßßïH±
ÂÈ|IÍ¡CL±H±ðßï¶?Or¬CmŒxráI»¢€CkÂ\¥ÝŽŒ Æiá@
jB±»¢€Â\LóDIÇCÂ\ðIpsKèIÞ¿œ¥»¢û®BÝ2007NLü ³öᢻœ
ßïÜLåÊICŠÜ ßïBVãü ±å^I€XCJnv±€ÝßïãËOùvª
ácsÄùv^±ßïCLðl¶ŽñŸÄgpBêÊðoP@\C¥PÓH?œ¥~¢RCÝÔÉæÌ
œ¥?SoCL±¥ðošÙBsßáßïj¹œ³@ÄgpCÝ?üùiO¯ÓBoàÙœ¥ñèIßï
ù¥£ÄIC§LZë[12]BáßïLdrCÝÝ?üOùdræoñŸCL± ÆL§«IvC
L±»¢€iLittle TikesjðßïŸñÀñŸB2007NåÊI »¢oû?iñŸ[13]CgŸœü I
P@\bâÚóñèIßïCPÓH?üÚóU[ßïC§œP@\j{ñoIŽdŽ?Lßï[14]B
Edqd@ÝõwßiWEEEwßjddq?iIÄgpyñŸCždqEüšCÝ2007N12úßÝp v
Ýßïã ÏØç¥á¢WZ¶SqÅDIßïBMega BrandsIsç÷ã`ÄAndrew WitkiniÒ€ÆúñiInvestor's Business DailyjFuÏØLè
ኲCúÁÉ{yÈ{Im¯CçæšZ¶Ln¢ÍBv[7][ìA±y
ÝZ¶á¢WãçLÞI÷\CæšZ¶ÂÈpªäIygé{K
óÔIèWAöÊèWCÈyœŽŒIZ\BZ¶úßïsͯDüFAD?ºCÝålI¢E¡ßïç¥sÂœãIBßïÝ?Ö
ú\?á¢wqIzÍAn¢ÍCeís¯IßïÝvLs¯I{K÷pC¥:qÍVEAèÀ?AûÕCs¥PûåäILçŽS«Ivl
C¥:
ÞA[ìÞCs\á¢WqÍAé\A?ÙeûÊIá¢WBßïs~¥Z¶IålßïçîLàÕCßï\ºAXããål
IÏ»AvCßïç¥ål¢E¡IDèšADºB¥ÝÌ?`?œâBÁ^±€¯ÁFIlQC?ª?ÂȪOÝÁªi@
?FAéFAÊé??jAîöAÈy©ä?¯??yBlí?êTOÈy?°IïÌ?ªs¥ïL?«I??CŽÝs¯I?
ãas¯I¶»sL·?C?°ITOç???@Ðï?¯ŽÈy¯°å?ŒäáfBl?s®°¶šª?wCÝqlȺvL?
l?I¶šª?B[1][2]20¢?ÈOCÈwÆÕ??Cl?ª?á±¢{?å?û®?iŠÈsÂãIÁª?ªIjlíC@òi?l
?iìTûfñFljAÁõl?iŒ^±ljAÖÃl?i^±ljAàSå±lí±aüfòŒ±ŽZ¯jBA©1940NãNC
»ÈwÆ?n¿???B?OC?°?úÈð?ê?Èwª?CŠ«?ꢪ?I?C@«?°¯°??GA1960NãN
CQÌ??w€Vo?IÈyÍ^çgê±ÈwÆ?n?^??ÈQÌipopulationjAÁª?iclineCæ¡uQÌQvœu
¶ÔQvjŽŒTO€l?àI·?B1990NãÈCîöÌwÈ?w€Vo?IaÍ^çgÈwE?l?N¹L
¹VI??Cgê±ÈwÆ?§p¢n§ñÁªè??°I?ªCó???°??ð?ÍÐWC??QÌCœö?I¯°[3][4]B
L?œ»wÆÈyÐïwÆ??Cî°ßNI¶šw€?ÊCCœ?°l??°Iè?CsãRÈwª?I??«a³?«GlíI
è?¥sy?IAÓIA¡»Ia?è¬IC¶»?pI·?§?»C?°?Ðï?[5]BAçLŽŒÈwÆ[?H]??
ClíTOóñ|ÙªClíTOaœÊ_îöV?I?L??C§???Plí÷Cåv?¡Žö§ñÈw[Ò¹¿]B
ÚOCe¢wÈ?°lí¥Y?C¥Û¶ÝCêL{¢C??@œè?C@œðC?C®Ùè?œ€?BR°l?I¬?¡??
?ŽŒ¬?O?CŽàQÌ?n?Ž??Cö©jO?ãÈCl?AÂTOLêèI?maðCAe¢¶»?°líI
ðss¯BÅ???°I¶wìiC?úyIsn?V?tCŽ«ylhAg?FlhAgä?lhagwä?lhl?CÂ
Åo?¢ª?Z¹líAg¯°hAgÆhTOB@IA??¶»ä?°ÈO??ªIg¯°hI?m??iDikott
er 1992GGoldenberg 2003jB§lÝÃã¥???ÄalÎIls©éIq?Bs?Ãã@ç\???lCê
ÊÌŽ?g©ÑlhC©È@ç??¹üK?lBó?A??A¶»?O?síçLêèI??C¯?ç?vŽÃ㶣i@
IsRC?tjo??œÝy?nû¶ÝIï??°I`ÊB¯?çLê±??ìÆ???°IÁª¥RZ?«rèIiIsaac 2004jB
AÝ?œÃ㶟CO\s¯Il¹RÂÈÊ?Ñ?ÝÐïI¶y§¬??Ðï®SIê?iSnowden 1983GLewis 1990jBÃãà¹
ŸlÈy¢F¢?ªs??t??l?¥??Oq?AÜÈyë€
ROF?¬CŽ?°??FlCÜ°?ñFlC뀰
¢FlBß?ã?°?°Ið¥¢Fnå???ãI?šiSmedley 1999jB¢FlÝTõ¢EI?öCÚG¹¢EenI?œ¯
°C?°?±¯°V?O\ãIAs?ãIAÈy¶»ãI·??¶¹?œàÈzB¯?R°ñFzè®?Õg¢FlIz讹??nR¢
FA???¬ñFC¢Fçö?¶¹«l?ª?I?ÍCÈì?zðósÒñFlIRiMeltzer 1993jBÊ?Ø?ó???I¶£
Èy?¢FàI?nCá@pi?l^???lV?IsaiTakaki 1993jC¢Fl?n«©ÈÈyŽŒ¯°?ª?O\As?A\Í
FLª?IQÌCócÂÈ??IO\ÁªaàÝIqÍAs?Ar¹úº
œÝ?niBanton 1977jB?RŽŒ¶»çLI?_iLew
is 1990GDikotter 1992jCA¥???_?ne?ÐïI?¢Cåv¥Ý¢FyŽB¯n?nIB??Ilí?ªl?n?C?°19¢?80Nã.
üFŽZ¯??°?ªIÅIÈw«???¶°17¢?Cß³?¢Féå?aB¯å?Hu?WI?úBÅoÅIE???ó?
??Il??ª@¥€Nõ¢ EL¢òºiFrancois BernierjINouvelle division de la terre par les differents especes ou races qui
isî°n
ãZIs¯Iš?œ?°IVIn
?ª@tjC°1684NoÅB ã?°Ÿ³I?x???eB?ÂEg?ÝŽà??qCŒÝBéö?¹êQMÂsŸI³kCs`ôAs`ÎAsMsã¥àÒúºCÅNçs¥îÂkBŒ?«??MÂÛ¹ªSNVvBÝ?ÂEg?I?ºC??ê?óI??CåŸKó³?¹Œ?îÂkIg?BÝ®¢BCLµ\œ?lÆÛ??MÂBóa??CŒ?IMÂ^ÖéìãIi³kL
å·?CöËùv????MÂB§ãi³åv?OlMòCMksÂ\ݳã?Lµ\?VœC§?±MksîÂkAųkß?L©ÈIÇ÷?Cöóa??Œ?¥ò³kB20¢?50NãÝòB??Iê?ç¢Â·å³è??FgÇ?]ì?HŸ³A`³Cç¢Â·C?¢ž¢?C¢KvêC?¢ûÌåBc?ñNC?Ýá¡Nª\ÜúCÀ???uBhRÂ?Cݳ㟳¥@¶ÝICRêÊç¢Â·iî³jå³Ç]ì?HŸ³a`³ii³jBW]ÁòõÅèžèž°³ÜNCÁκ{gç°³ãB°ìvI?^Aöõ@?ݳãŸC?Cè???L?œœ¯Ý?á¥Ë¹Ÿ³B
ݳ©VOIò³_ÀsïLų@ßíC¹¶IÓ`Cö׎mµñ¶aCsŸZÝ¡ÊB[38]³©VãCò³ksħdÂI³£C§¥N©ÈI@ÈZmµauúãSTÐBéêÒÖžã¹³ma¯VÔIü?Cgò³RêíONÍ̬êízøÍBL¹mµãÚèªCI@Cò³¬×꿧_¹I@³¹CgY³JnæÕŸDŒãßB[39]AÝÂúCLŒòÆ{Ò×¹¬×èªmò³B[40]
¬?ü¯?º?Iò³??ê??WCÅ?^?³AíèÓ³é§@³Ý?C?¶¹³I?¯N?B
1969NCp {F×x±||`e€lm᢮IZµ\®L÷ClcÆŒçðCn§¬×cÆ`x±|i
ŒcÆ`x@àGp¶ŒFRoyal Hong Kong Police ForcejCŒ`åÜÚð×~x±||·ipêFCom
missioner of Policej¥`x±|IÅñ·CL`x@I·¯CRs·¯ñŒC ±@il¯{jC
œB|·Ax±|IÇyÁŠüÛÀÇas·¯ÓCROÊ|·ŠCŽêÊåÇs®CºÝL_
Â|ås®|aYyÛÀ|G?OêÊåÇDZCºª×OÂ|åFlyPû|AÄÇ
|aà±y±yôc|B[13]GÅãêÊåÇ ÆÀSCºêÂ|åF ÆÀSx±|Ë\RȺ6Â
åiŠ|jg¬Fbåis®|jºÝs®Axy6Âx@ã`œCÓx±|Iúís®«±Bs®Fº
Ÿ
ݳI?¯N?C@³?[??¹?ŽdvIìpB?R¶lÈ?Ðåå?CÈ?³AíèÓ³?ø?C©Ì?Ð?Bé³àö\?Áüg¬Ÿ€h?ÑXIv?¶³?C1364N?€C1368NųÌéCåŸCN^Bé³àöÈ@³¢œNÆC[m¯??[Ie?B^³NCŒÚóP?I?Cº?Ö?¯?@³?[CŸ³çÝÖ?VñBgéK?CP??¯çCŸ??¶`àBé?C?è?€¯®Wyå?œŽ«m÷L·B?ui?šC°Íì?k?B?ÖúâJ?ÐAŸž³A]AÞ?A}?A?A?ô
×?B?ÂBh[41]^ZNCé³àöœY®??Ò?C?s埥tBg}?Þï~×_C?Aî
A}?A?C©[öAŸÛA?kCyÏÌíèÓÅA?ÐAŸž³A]?ïCê?¶¹?[V?Aœ?åU?C?W?CéãÚ?UCÑCPCøfl¯C?ñÒ?B?žÒeñêSC¬Oç¢Bh[42]žCì?¯?nº@³IŸ³??ÁžC§ì?nû@³AsQ^¡lIŸ³ªx?ŸÈ?³B
?úÖFן© åjÒ¹¥³©Ÿ³B[43]
ȋ
åðÚFàY¶?
2008NC{ÒÝàYãpᢻ¹ÉÊÂæVIÈV¶BáÉÊåI¶·úÛ¶Ýácn@tèCìׯÔ@³V®VpB¶?e黹ò³n㟎Iá¢W?öCyŸ³ÝácnIBdîµC?eè¶CÉÊÂæVCóeElmIdó\È€B
?ç
W]ÁõŸÅ΢aRÎ
ác¡¢Eò³âÕôÁ³¶CòBW]sIÁ¥?¶Iò³?FB19¢IÈÒÝÖàAAVádfDÔᢻåáò³¶CæŸò³Ý Œken\A BdB
ÐïÈw@¢E@³€ÆÂi §ß`¶¹ñâICÝÈJúºàYãpᢻò³âÕy¶šCÈlÃåñü2009NÈ10dålÃᢻVêBÂi \Š2009NŒavãuŸ³åv讫lšÑ?29ã·Ñ?C€¯á¢»àYãpãäݺuüŸ³åvIò³âÕy¶šBâÖïò³@ÙR°â¬yåÊò³@íâšAŸãOÅAêdc?òHŸ³±üÎAØòõŶšCŽÅ×ølÚI¥åÊèÑ??j¶œI¶àÙLÚBñ±CÞI¶àÙ¥ñÝ «?ᢻB[44][45]
ÐÈ@lÃA¢E@³€?Æ??Ê°ÈBsIõ?¥Ÿ³??¬C?¢åUIgŸ³¶Åhç¥S¡??IBêꞟ³Å F¯yÒäobI¢_ÂßCÈúÝ®ÁÊB§ß{¶ãüs¯IpFCÈé»s¯lšI?S?HC
{¶ŸzHÅiaÆßæÒIdŠÊCn§l¶ìo³mèC暌ì¹ðX¶HìIÓ`adv«CÛŒ
ìxaÚ[X¶lmdÐðB[Ò¹¿]WPûz : Š³2012N7ác³®JWuX¶æNvcWPûzvC
åSAøIPûñžÒÁÒI̱Ë\AI¥a£àìB×úOú_éIPûzªÊŠ³EõPû@aìèËF
ãisB®IÚWLºñO:Šñž©MC³ÊI©ä`ÛCn§ñžŒìIRt\ÍG[Ò¹¿]ÛÒÁÒÝú
ã\Xå®ÏÉÒäoÐœ±G[Ò¹¿]ÁÒÁÒŠ³Hìa±I¹ðB[Ò¹¿]nåYWX¶ : ×æŸXœ
IÐðxCŠ³©2013N4NÀr{¶y³tŠ³@ÒäoÝÔÄšsIêŒ×uX¶æNvcvVun
åYWX¶v¹Ùb¹I®B§ßÝÔÄ?IêÇbÝúlmÒäoby¹Ù\C?á¢{¶¹ðŠ³Iœ
³»X¶±yŽ¬ÁBX\?ᢌìn?êpxF¯ÝúlmC暌ìŸaF¯xX¶IdvaÐð€ZIÓ`
ÜããÀåŸZNi920NjCx³A³CÝÂBi¡ÍìÌzjËïų¢œB?ŸÝ?jã?úí???¥ò³
??BsÜãjt??Fg?B¢VlCì?¶¹CË?V³C©§ê@CHeã©fBsH?ä¥C?»f¯C?ú
?CªãÚUBh[30]vãÅ?sÅc??t??FgÀ?ŸZNC?BòœC§x³?VqC©ì?º ?VBŽkÈsä¥
??ðCéãÚú?Cæ€æõ¿CÅ?ô«C]"Å~å©CäTãã©B"[31]¢?CsVÜãjtÑÜãj?@CÌ
x³V?ųBg§?DúâK¶¹CŽwÅÒC©§ê@,Heã©fCéãÚCj?Bh[32]???smjªt?
?sÅc??t?@Cs??x³V?ò³C§«Oγ¬?ê?C@¢œóŽ??B[33][34]Ý11¢IÜ\Nã
I埀©á¥ËÉz?³VãC¹ñêRIò³çQÁSãIsòõų@?ªtA\øpsVq»Ó?
t??VqAÅÉaò?êgFgsVq»Ó?t]Feä©©RõŸ¹C?üŒ?€E??CŠ?ŸqBäqÆü¹C
A¥RmYN02ÝS1aS2ØÊ_L©R?î_üB[68]sÇRmYvL?SARS-CoV-2¶ÝI??œ³ôðC?¹n
ÆLI?ê??¹°^?©R»I?ÊB[46][75]?L€??CSARS-CoVIRBDîö?LZ¢?î_^hACE2I?\L
472AN479AD480AT487aY491C?^SARS-CoV-2IL455AF46AQ493AS494AN1aY505??B[76]ŽQ493aP49Å
^hACE2I??öIEÊ?è?B[74]?ŽŒ?úRb¥óaÅaRaTG13I€@CL€Ò??CRb¥óaÅMP7
î_cîãaSARS-CoV-2¯CRmYN01ARmYN02?aRaTG13ê?Cü¶ÝꢯI???î_cîB[46]ŽŒ€??Ra
HòB?å@?C??ú¥èd@CTO?yñ@?B㞟ECºyHrCL?¶CFRxBCN
ÜãCä@·ÒBfhݹ³?Í?·IvãCò³Ëï¹³Is??ê?[»B¹N?i995-997jC?Àml
ìT°éŸòCò³?nÝ?dB^@©CmlÑ¢?æò??£CöçB¶wBò³sñ@O
??tí?ü¹åUCu°¶BŸ¹?BåËÜNi1012jC?N[ÈŸŽ?åUã¹åU?î?Cæ?BAAä
I?î_üF681-PRRA-684B[68]ÝŽŒ¥óaÅC?IüÊ°S1aS2??æV?I???ECAPRRAnåU¹åUC
ïܹò³sŸgò?tB[35]ßN??IàY¶??ŠàYŸ³æCC¬såvV?óåUtCŽ
cÑ?ȹ³g?^lh`Ûo?BŽ]lŸõ?{?ò³@C@ü?¹³¹?CŽ¹mç??ò¥Vq»gB
?êxò³?¬ü¯?C??^¯?é§@³ZC¬?vã?¯N?Iw?vzBsvïv?et?FgéañN\
êlúb»ŸF·B?¶¡VlC©ÌŸ³C?sÒB¡Ÿ³sÒCe°?ºC§®FC??°ccãÚ
WÒAßÒAÆkA??lC?¹?CÛîð¯jCéãÚ?UBŸ³VlCO?¶y?æÅCHs?v?
tAccsæÓÅ?tAsÎÅ?tccßã?ÅCŠ°¹??åUóÙŸ¶B??F¥Ï?döVŸCœø??Ÿž
VC^¹??¶s¯cch[36]ûÙÝsî?t?«¯?@³?[?Ì?gHØAéãÚ?UhCéa³Ni1119
NjIû?Vç¥?±?[IêxB@ìvlNi1130NjßN`C³³\Ni1351NjgŸ€o¢hIØ
R¶A«ÊN`CŽvzÂ\¬Lò³¬ªB€às?tÚFgd¶VlhCŒÚÉœCgÌìàVñ?qC_
ŽàVŽò³C]àVlÊC]ŒàVàâWCàVŸ³A?úâVVÞBŒåjsêCŸ³Þ·BLGËAlA
RºBKBŽ_åjHŸgCL÷ÅAÅAÅåjBßGXCݬÐBUãSdCŬz ŽÍ_ñ𩹳Èû@Åü赜ÆRcð˯œ Š³DàR_äzg¬CªÊ×PqåjaPüåjBDàúíåvÓðÝúlmA^Š³lõA¶ašÒ£
Š³@äoVDF{DÇÄÈŠ³ÔçpÔsœIŠ³@yŠ³ã`BÝᢶÙ}ÌCDÇð^Úlõy
Ýõ×úprB[9][10]VPqåjiSeawardjC2019Nü±CVDI«\aÝõÏLœûÊIñ¡CzÛ^ìùv
VéPCååÁðy^AE±I¬{ÁvCácïúÁÂ^ÚÝúlmIÉÊ60lAúÝàÕ§úºiácïkŸl
mÝ{jAÁÝá¢d@AÂHdnydœBãqIÝõsA黳áâGÇyÁ^Ú{u£úÖIÝúlmI\ÍC
X\ñDÇârè«y»ðIÀSBq¬ûÊIñ¡CÂúðÁŠCÝᢶÙ}ÌC\õ¬?ï»êúB
PüåjiSeawayjC1996Nü±CÂÈð40ŒÝúlmA10ŒŠ³lõa4ŒDõGOŒå^bÂÂÈ\^Úå^Ý
õašB»CPüåj^ÚðIåv׫ÝúlmaÂNõPqåjiSeawardjC1993Nü±CÂÈð56Œ
ÝúlmA16ŒŠ³lõa4ŒDõGÝL_wDäyCæ1wÝL_Âåäyºa4ÂàÕ§úäyIÛÀÝvär§C¥B
êÂÈpìð¢xÛÀÊIbÞÝúlmiŠí»Y12NœÈãjyùvu£IÝúlmIDÇBæ2wÝLê
ÂäyºCpì^ÚŠ³lõaKqB»CPqåjãSð26NÀ2019N5íuVPIåv×j«¬NÝúlmB
Š³Ðœ³çHìßNŠ³IHìsÄÇÀÝúlmIã±ÇyX¶C§ßX¶sÐœ³çCüÂNég
uòöç@C£ÅiCxX¶vIM§Cn§×žßÄoêªÍBCoight-problem paste 2.svgÍßI?e^?§
S?©^|CÂ\ßáœÛîSÈIì?ûjB (2021N4)¿ŠÚCœñ©Rì?eCÂgpHï??¥ÛN
?B¿mè{|wIÒ¹Àñ¢Cœ?îSÈ?ã€âBŠ³Ý2014NšsIÐœAX¶Hìé
B®Cïäo\ªœªœoÅßsÏõð?IX¶nœéBAÝúlmŽ¶üAñŠ³X¶`H£`H
ÐàÐâXB[Ò¹¿]×XLÁá¢WÐœ³ç±CŠ³©2008NNs¯Iö?³çuX¶æNvcvC±
ŒWênñ®ïu³çuÀvAuÊëÝúlmvcvAuûvcvyÒæVŠ³šÙyðBÀ2008N5
22úCšs¹êÂuX¶æNvcvJWâX?ÂNÀkðB[Ò¹¿]uX¶æNvcvÊßçuÀyÒæV®
CüÂNóA³mIJ?æVCgŒì¬×òöç@yLÓCŽIÇDö¯C¯üÂNég£ÅiyxX¶IM
§B§Ý2014NCŽß25,000Œ{¶§ßYvcÒÁºñœ®B[Ò¹¿]³çuÀ : Š³ðÀrEõÒäovc
I{Zœ@\ñ³çuÀC|Ý×ÒÁÒ`Yi@ényŠ³Iã±ÇHìaX¶bIF¯Cá¢Ò
ÁÒŸÆßIdãÊyùvtoIãJC暌ìLxúÀB[Ò¹¿]ÊëÝúlmv: ®ÀrÒÁÒOs¯
IŠ³@TKCÒæV@?IÝ{CÀ¹ðÝúlmI¶BÒÁÒXðäoÝúlmÊkCn§á¢ŒìvõÆßIã
ÊCÝÔxas×ã?¶üÌB»€L11Š³@ÒäouÊëÝúlmvcvCïÌAbpŠ³A¹ðŠ³Aå
àKµŠ³AhŠ³AŠ³A¹àsŠ³AÇ®ÄAåSŠ³AªŠ³AuX¶Sy
Ί³
B[Ò¹¿]ûvc : L讧ßÀrÒÁÒOìèËFIúÅÝ{CüÒÁÒégÖÅM§C¯æšŒì¹ð
Ûì«Idv«BÒÁÒðäoúÅõÊkCL?á¢ÒÁÒœvzÅIÐQB×iê?éBRÅu§CÁÊ¥
pž_ÈåZšIdãÊCÒÁÒðÒæVuûvc¹Sv?WŠLèÅié{yzHs¯ÅiIHïB[Ò¹¿]
ÒæV`Š³šÙ : åS±Ü±CÒÁÒÒæV`Š³šÙC¹ðŠ³HìI?jäoá¢WA®PIX¶±yœ
³»IÐœéBHìCÄ?eExX¶HìB×ËèûŠ³IX¶±CÝšÙݧÙCÈWŠXœLèX¶±
IuB[Ò¹¿]³çÆlõÒäoÊëÝúlmvc : Š³ÏÉå®ü{Zy³çÆlõAuX¶æNvcv
I®C§ß籿³çÆlõÒæVŠ³Ý{aäoÝúlmÊkC暌ìuX¶æNvcvIOaÚILX[üI
FmC£gŒìÝúãÀryÛXœ{¶ÒÁuX¶æNvcvI®B[Ò¹¿]ÂNÀkð : ×{¶L@ðäo
üß©gIX¶lmÝ®C¢_ÆßazÅIdãÊC{ðèúš?ÂNÀkðC|ÝÁX¶æNòöç@
IÓ¯CÊUfC\RTy«ìoP¢Idv«BÀkð§ßb`®ÁäoÒÁÒIÝ®CµbuqêÊX
¶lmëü?rCyãÝdVZüÐðHrãI?HßöCÒL\N@œÊÅiIUfCÀŠê籿oÈ{¶ìp @a?VúCò³QÝÀŒs?{BdBü?úCò³??üBsÅc??t?g?³NccÃgzlcœ?iŒCå`ljñ@??³©Bh[22]?¥?jã?°ò³?üIÅIŸ???Bò³?CŠ^ų?¶tËBœ??s??t?gç?@©s³B?V?Cç?í§?vzcœ??ü?CQm??CÝ??B?VxŽ?C¯g??Bhò³I«nÊrC?VÂ\ö?ò³vz?¶?ïCópò³?©gÌéñ?ËBº@?³µNi719NjCfÎ?€«êÊò³ç?øäŠ?©Bse{³?t?gfÎ?xߟ€é?ã\£ðV¶åç?BŽlqdH[C?ÙsmBîV¶?æç?C??bÓy?³@CmŽlL@V?\C]?ߎòCóuê@°CË{³?Bh[23]
?³\ãNi731NjC©ì?@?Òò³Iô?¶??Cº@?º?œò³??©ÈI@³å?Bcœ?ò??¬sòõų@?ªtê?Có]Øgº@?ò³?¶DŽC?ŸÝ©??³I?B R§Cò³?¹?¬?djÍCÝ|??T?Øpų??CÌ©ÈI³åò?gòõÅhCݶøpÅ???VqAÅÉaòª»OgIgO?¯ê?hCö§Níº@»è?g{¥×?CÏÌųC?fêt³h§?ÁÖfB[24]?³ñ\ªNCº@º??ÓmC?ê??ò³Ý??³Hì?sÅ?B
V§I¡??º€a}?¶ClÌêÙmIrOAœVå³V}Z?¿NB[123][124][125]kû?
ç?zé?Ê?¬?z|àzfzÁaÃb??z讧[?É?[128][129]Bã?¥1856N¡æCç?z
AzªìA?zÂZ©RynC¹ifz?scã\z讧IüKlÇ?ŒA?@Ä??ú?Cx^œ?zè®
§IèÒ@ª
ÊOü?nCÈ¢[??Ÿz?ÊB@ÄÊ?@C?nàs¯§?QÌåÅoèC
j̬?zà?B¬çãxz讧Aª{sZݬ?z?nI?«¬ž§?¢û°CÝ?n??[CÅ
@¬?z¬?~zBBÊ?@saCç?z¹Rx[?ÊBå?¬?z?©RBI©RB¯?§eq{
óNsïç??@tCç?zÌÈŸBïÏ?ï?????è???Ês@CA?¹R³?¯å}è
????I?z讧?n?ïCŒ?h?M??Oïç?ðUeq{ï?B[130][131]s¬?z|àzf
zÁ@ÄtÊ?V?CŠzÀ?òE¶zÝgm?ã€BkûlWïx¶zCA??rSsÜsJn?s
ÀjV@Cò³Øñ??©I?ÍdV?üŽCŸ¹Äx?WBñ?ŽHŸøº?üŽC???Uj©?Cj©?úP?CŠSÍkCº?í?CÀjVî{?©BŽHŸö?œL÷Cö§©ò?íñ?xIò³kÝ?³Bã©ñ?Ÿè??CŽHŸÝ?s??Úó¹ò³C«lÊò³m??ññ?C?dñ@O?vzCsÄMòŽLI??³C?§òò³?³Bò³Øñ?I¡?ÍC?nÝŽnæö ?dBã@å?ONCÃyñ?ò³k§ò³@gå]õŸhB[25]å?ZNCò³?ê?Ý?A?A^Azn?uå]õŸB[26]@³añNi807NjCÄÍìAŸŽòñCÀhõÛìC©ÈãCò³Þ? «?B[27]
ªsäptLÚC??³NCñ?ɺßò³ÜSµ\Olü©ê¯}ÚöåC©ŽåSñ?äoèWCšÍßL¡wÊB?OsäptLCݳaªNi813Njd Iñ?òlCóß©ÉCR©Cò³kãSíRñ?CÀŸcºâXÒBVOC?ò³kçn€ÆCsäpEñêRBtFuòtC?ÒŒsC€æÉäo??×@vB@ð¹³Ni841NjCñ?íê{üz?sC šCìñ?aò³IÔx§ŠüÌCºßŸò³?äošBsð¹êiWtÚC@ð¹ONi843NjCñ? šCn©PºCvºuÀ¶òvCAËüOÔCºßÖ]ÌÁIòB[28]ð¹Å@Cò³ïŠŽ
Csü@âXsLt?Fuð¹ONl{CÃVºEòtCäéßUŸCì¹å`§EVBv«ò³ků¬¹?I?qÂ\¥?V@I?Å??§¢º?Bsmjªt?Fgï¹ONCÃVºòó?ü¯Béòµ\ñlByÝñ??òC¬z?¹CÒåŒBhï¹ÜNCº??ê?Å?Ý?Ii³A?³Èyò³C?³k?ó??{?COl??o«B[29]
ò³?Í?s@ų?åCAØñ?ÍÊ?³CŸÈOγVñB³ö@Cñ?j?V?Cò³ñŽtóÅ?Cæ?³Ai³íÖBácCò³¬sInœÈŒkAØknœ×åCÝ?ŽCnœCöäogz LCHðCò³çLêèšÍBï¹@??CåÊò³kžéSŠS?ìCBãSð¹ê
Cò³Äs\ÝÐðöJB³Cçz§Ý¯Ô駬?CÀQäoŽŒ@³C?Üã_v¹sB©äoºwIéŠà¥NÒC¬×_¯N?Iåj¢øîVê Ýò³ŸA MÂãCãÛçç¬VÒBånã[?ß?aÂCö?åªIõŸß
?íŸEÚø¹B??CõŸë?Ä~Õ¢EC¬×ÅIIR»ÒC³`äoߊCõ
ŸäoüKîSIªJBx?¢EIõsa?Vqð£JCVnö×Cá¢oêêã
1468NIåÎB?ŸWLâIõŸCÈÅãIei{ejñdVVnBV??íŸ
EZCŸE柮SIBLlÝŸElŸiIð?CüKÃÎC«
?i?©?ÝŽBò³^î³I?nìvsÎÉÅêtFuÎÉvŠò³ë?I|
æ¡C€ì×ò³æmIë?ègF@ÔäiCŽãÀuàFõŸ\ËBòIvzk
åöxãó¹2¢?î³?[?ÀhIe?B?À???IãéÈ?I¥@?
¡¢ECŒ¥gö?hICAvLmaPÇBŒI?¢šç¥@BÝŒVC¥êÊPI
As?lmI_B?ÊÞÝI_o©°mI?ChŒIXqë??¢¢Em~l
?B?Àx¶e?Cë?IgÌ¥_?ül?¢E§§¢oI¶eCAç??³ó¹\
Ãñ@CaÔããIßA»ÝA¢ÒiÛAÛA@ÛjOÛB[11]ÛúCõŸäo
ËãISBöC?Àœ??Cü§?¹10Û??MÁ¹ì???BŒ?
?ë?Ivzí๟gk?Cî³vzí๟³?üCüLÛ?Ë¥?³ë?îž
_IBêgkBÝŒIvzhºC³ìí??lè?ïVg³ThB?À©ÈI³ï
ó¢¬?kvCAŽvzÝî³?[jãe?dåBòÚó¹?ÀIvzCó«
Ž[»a?WBò³??ñ³?vzC?§öxäî³ñ³??[X??Bò³
??ë?¥ŽÅ_Ÿž@¶IXqC§ñ?ãéëa?VqBg©¥ŸžåŒqC?¥
Ÿ«\~hC[14]öCò³?°OÊêÌIðç^îÂBò³??Ÿž@¶
AõŸë?aå?zOÊêÌ[15]Cë?©gLO¢ÊiCŠõŸë?Aí??ë?aó?
ë?BõŸë?°ŸECŒÅæ?\l??ŠC¯?ç¥Å@I?»ÒBõŸë?aå?z
idŸj€¯?oí??ë?CçA¥¢l?I\TèÓlë?Bë?I~¹¬÷gC§
¥ê¢¶eBöCò³??ë?üL_«§Ùl«iîÂê«?ë?í?ã\Ë?
CVnk?Có?ë?IÊi??oBó?ë?«~??\šBë?IÍÊÊ°Ÿ?Cq
dÊ°ºC{?Ê°õsiõŸ\ËjB[16]dŸ?gå?zCòC¥??»gAq
V¹òC¥Å@aÅ®üIgÒBå«Rò³kcàò
±zúº³Ivz[ü©ÈI@³Cç
sÐzŸÅ³ITOCAŒìFשÈË¥áÁ³Iî³kBŒìØpsäpñEÑtasVñ
tI^±?eCÞŽ¥Û
MBOCŒìÒ?æ€ABŽî³IOT¶àÙB[17]ò³^?
³I?nò³I³?î?ñ@O??ó¹?³P?ñ³?I[e?Bò³Å_Ÿ
ž@¶Cgz?Ó?g??hCø\?giP??V_hB?³@¶hðrP?ñ_?ZíI
??Cño@¶_ì?ñ_VãI_C?ê_Œíò³ØpBò³???³I
_¢ÓfE???A¥Ÿžæê¢?oI?V_æÓBò³^Å?nì×ò³æm
VêIÅÉCÒ©¹nœIò³Êã€ÉCö³10¢IBò³I\¥ó¹Å³
Ie?BA^ųIZ¹?ñs¯I¥Cò³???ñITOüïl?Bò³??ÅÉ
ç¥dŸ?gI»gVêBÝ?Aóx?d?CMkcòôíèÓÅ»gB㶣sò
õų@?ªtX¥é?òAVqAÅÉIO?¯ê?Fg?VNïsCŸ?¬Ž»G?ÞóÙC
ú?ŽÛB??{{CO?œêH¬«¶¶Cê?Få¹Bhò³Ý?d?ç\ØpÅ
³Œ?C̳å?gòõÅhCc?_s|??gÅhCcõs|?¬g?äqß@ghCæŽõ
ŸÕÆAC¢EVÓCö§íų»è?ÅO¹ÁÈU?Bò³IgDª×EIu¢
ÉväoÝÆIuãÓ¹?vCu¢
Év¿êçËgzê¹æ¡×udßÜviÃgzêFardawan, ?n?
warGfêFelectiGClassical SyriacF???????jB¢
Éïºñ¬õF[18]è
àÒi@åjiClassical S
yriacF?????iKahnaGäóÒ¶CohenuÕiv)G?ñ±êFyamagjFòIãCÒC³åB12Ê
çèi³@³¹ÒjiÃgzêFmo?agGfêFmagistriGClassical SyriacF??????iShlihaGäÅ
±¶ÊŒå¹ãSIuåkvj72ÊFgÇi@Òji¿êçËgzê¹æ¡×ucœavGÃgz
êFaspasag, aftadanGfêFepiscopiGClassical SyriacF???????iAphsquphGäî³Iuå³vj
360ÊàÒö»úºi@°åjiÃgzêFmahistanGfêFpresbyteriGClassical SyriacF??????iwikt:
en:?????CŠî³u³vjÊsèI_ACmi?¯jBêÊIMkâi×uãÓ¹?vißÒjiÃ
gzêFniyoshaganGfêFauditoresGClassical SyriacF??????jB?TåðÚFòµ?ò? B³@Çê¢?Êsv@AéÌ©ÈŸ?Cò³kÝ???sú?®Cùv?sSÊ
??B443NCVå³³ï?³a??³V@??¹ê¢Ï?ïC??ò³kBÝ?YÅN
?ºCò³kí³?ê¢ò³å³\?ÀrêŒjÂNac?sQðI«ð?®B
ÝîvºC??cé°445N?z??C?????s??B??œßßßò³kC??
?_ÒCäoyÇò³í??¥ê?ÐïßsBÇê¢Ö£Mk????g?Iò³kCö
???±?îÂs?¥ê?åi?Is?C§¥Å@?»?I÷úºBvÓß±Ý??`?
s?ðIlCö?ò³k?çú¥BÇê¢Qo¹?œ?åUIò³kC???ÐCvŸ??
C?Ž?÷CóNŒ?Ý??B??é?Iî³³mª?±î?Qò³kC^
Çê¢Ä?B527NC?mòê¢?Ê?u
??Q?[^?³I?nBŒº?Ö~ò
³ko?ÝCœnûCö???ï??L^Œ?ÚGI?ŒB@^ŒlÝêN?íS
ZC?ïíAn³@B?¹m§@³QI×CÝé¯?å?ò³k^î³
_wÆI??Ý?êN?sBò³?³?
??è?QÁ¹?????s¹OCo
ûsWŠ¹?INwvzCÝV?s\?BR§N€c¬ìGCÙ?¹ò³
IRCåÊò³kí?ÈYB@Cò³kI?Ýé?ÁžCò³ÝŒ
ûs?¶ÝBò³ê?????î³àU??ÈIãŒ?Cî³_wÆüvw?
?èLò³vzCÖ«ÈvŽ°nB5¢??¶I?üò?Û?hñ³??_C·s°
Œ?C9¢????écàœœfI??C10¢?ÝÛÁ?ŸB10-15¢?
?C?iÄèÓhóÛ?he?C¯?ñ³??_Cœ?³ïíB??ó³ï
QCvz?@I¢?äh?B¢?äh??F?LP?ñ?¢?°C?_?
¢÷gC¶¶ÚIÝ°ðE?°BŒ?Û?ë?¥ãéCÛ?OÊêÌCó??³@¥SI
ãŸlB1209NC³@Ë?úÝO¢??\???¢?ähB@k?©?ì?
x?³@¢B????lNC¢?ähí??C@ìB1245NÖ
ïi?éÆIè?u
¢?ähI??CMkS}³gSB?±³hIñ³??_L?
ò³V?CÏíVå³ûÊw??ò³?[B[10]_{vzñ@O äoo¢C³
©á`ìsF€t`ãò³IF_Bò³å£gñ@OÛ_hCŠóÔã§IõŸAüK
Ãñ@CaÔããIßA»ÝA¢ÒiÛAÛA@ÛjOÛB[11]ÛÛúCõŸäo
üKê_ECªÊRŸEV埞@¶aÃEVåæáBŸE[ÞõŸAPÇaÄC
¥êØõŸI¹òÝBŸžïLASAOAvAÓÜí yCäoõŸAÍÊAqdlÊ
êéBÃE¥[ÞüKÃAߊa¬ªC¥È€?ñIÜÞIÛãúCÃEV€Š
Ž?ÒŸEßCµŸEVüCæÌŽáÅ¢ŸEisU?BÝéŠ
à¥AZIúCŠ×ÛBŸžöŽgPhI®«À§Cs\ŒÚœ€Bg_vLCœ
I?ÂÈp°?úš?BÝ_IvLCœß?I¶ÝBŒvLR?IÎ?o??
?CvLßl§I
ÂÈ¢¬^
?CvL?I?§¬ICœíBŒ?LIê
ØCs¥õŸ§?sI{?CŠg¥×?ÒŒçÙ@?Ž?QBh[12]°¥Ÿžn©gisO
¢«C«o?_pÈï€üNBŸžæê«ouPêvCŠ¶œVêC¥êسŒÒ
a¶œIêeBPꢫouæÓvCŠÅVlCDॻgBæÓ¢«oŽÜÂZquÜ
ŸqvCõŸIÜå³fFAŸÍAŽ?A
AÎBÜŸq×æÓIíäobãò
C¯æÓiüüKâECäo?ìDBæÓ±EìDCRšdÍCÜŸqí??C©È
žmæSCšDêBÃ?ÜŸqãCŽ~]bŸÞ«CbâüNBí?IÜŸq
úÖäoÜCísäoÃEܳf¬GäoÅCäoŒÖCõäoÃCÎäoC
äo_
B¬VCÜŸqYL¹©ÈI_«BæÓÝnhÁãCüŽêPê~CPê¥üŸž
BŸžì¹æñ¢«FŸž¢«oŸFiõŸVFCÙŸÅjCŸF¢«oåÊizÒ
C¢ÅjCåÊ¢«o?i¶œVèËjC?¢«oŽÜÂZqiÜgjBŒn«¢oõ
Pqmi¢ŸgjCnËv¢oÄsV€iÃõŸgjCnqd¢oõŸI¢BGzi~
gjCnvz¢ožMV€i\Vå€jCnð¢onÒinåUŸgjB?yŽÜqÝn
ç²ÛÄ«CæÓ¥Ýn[|äGÄ«äoäÖ¬×_Ê_Ÿi?äA«ããjCªÊ×?a
æÓIæZqB?aPê[ünC?LoEèæÓfoüKÃ[£COÒñdŸEB?
ç¬ã?s¹]×èËCÈŽèË°¢o\VªnCÈÅ?IõŸÍÊ¢oúBR§CÜŸ
q¹Rí×èË©CsŸð?B×¹ð~]IõŸÍÊCŸžis¹æO¢«BŒ¢«
o¹æOgiúõÅjCæOg¢«oõŸ¶idõÅjBñÊgÒÝŠÊOèûŠo[@ ©ÝVh@`¬IŒ?±zž©Aò?øüųCÂÈ«??¥èŽ?³Oúa@úIªE
?X€©I€¹?ê¢IZíÚHz«òøäŠ?¹ŒB¹?ê¢?òI@³vzkL
?ïC?Žå?å???C?\ò³k[ªI?³A?I©RB¹?ê¢\?œ?òº
ŒQ^¯??éI?ðB¹?ê¢??ÅdòIvzCÈ°gk?\??ßÎ?Fg?
?ä??¢òCê¢agk?ÝêNC?ê¢a¹?€ÝêNBh?¹g¹?ê¢ûÖð
ò³vzCòÁnpÃgz¶Ê¬T³?Is¹mf±tê??£?ŒB¹?ꢢ
@Cò¯?Ÿ¹?³Ò?§?úºIÝ?BR§?§?úºI?¡ü?¹êNC?CÒb
qfGꢥåi?I???zúº³MkBŒÝ???zúº³åÕiÈñ?Ie?ºCsÄ?s@
³?eôB273NCòÅZO?næCAój?C???nñÄóòCoDO׌
BHãCò?Mkìo¹©È«ïsv°l¢I?ŸBNCòóbqfGê¢I??C
œßŒO?fãI©ìB121úCò?fãCÝé?ûøN¹???z³ÕiI??
BŒ?üåÕiÈñ?T?òCÈñ???€BbqfGê¢?òIvz??ŽC?
RòüŒìo©ä??CAbqfGꢫŽ®SÙ?Có«òü?BòÝûö¹
gÅ@I?MhCÊ?¢Vèü³ïô¹wŠCóìoÅ@I?B274NCòöŽ°???
zúº³I?[vz§íºß?BöŒ©Ì¥ë?IgkCbqfGê¢rè«ŒÝ\Ë
ãBŽgíçAÇȱC?kÝ?úº¹?éIé?ûCpÈxŠò³kB@CŽM
k?çcQBò³R°ÝgzéàíÖfCŽÍÊ??ãÚ??
¬B?âaa
æÞ?¬?ò³??IdvînBòí?@CŽMkLÜN??vL?³CŽ@vM?C¬
?ò³?üõs?Ä?I@åCŒ\N@ÝbqfGñ¢IQº}¹B?Rò³³ì?
ÀÝ?X€©?úêŒ?׌CAò³IåvÍÊ?Ý¢GÍÈkI?nB6¢?CRg
k¢?I?³?òTÁ-?§?úºiS?d ?hrmizdj?ñ?C^bä?³ìªëRçCÈ
?ßÜhIŒÌƧC??ªôv7¢?@åÄ?iMihrj?¡?úË?©B7¢?C¢
lªgzV@CÞ€©?\¹ò³êèI?©RCL±ò³kržXñ¹
üõs?Ä?B¢Uz€©?úCåÊIò³¶£žÃgz?í|?¬¢fBR§Cò
Iw??szÑÁLê?ÆÁI£ÍCøN¹¢Uz€©?¡ÒIx?BåLgz?I
ìÆa|?Æíw??¯îò³Ògžáih§íQCÞ€©Å@IûIV?AÈñ
_³Vߌ§í?B783NCÝû¢?CçIœßºCbi?¬§¹??ñI@³Ù»
Cp??cIèiÁ?ò³kB?êô@Ýû¢?siäç??¡?ú?CÊò
³kŠSÄ?XBÄ?X?Ö€©INå?¬?ñ¢zv?{Œ?CAݹI?ͺsŸ
sâ~B11¢?V@C?næò³I????C§?Éz?³ÖãB[8Fakñ
òÝ¢?Cò³ß??ü?UCòç\híqübèÓzRA?aºyn?³Bò@
CLåÊMkŠS??é«àCò³vzŸ?ê??dB3¢?Cºy??R¢?Iî
³å³\?ÊM?îÂksvíò³ÀfB4-5¢?Cºy¬?¹òŒdvS
BÈ?î?Cò³v¬nCÝ???éÝkñaŒÇå?yCž??¬??
?CÄ?ó?A?Ÿ¢?CAÓåa?B?ò³sAíî³????èÁÈÅ?
CXó??éÅ?B??céÕ¢æ???ž?gz?I@³?¶?Cò³I
?üÂ\LgzI?BöCÕ¢æº?œßñF?Â??ò³C°??CŽÆCMkí
ÎYœ¥?È?§êðBöò³³?çòë?×¹Cö??é¯?s\Žªò³
aî³BNmR°313N?zÄ?ÃßC³?î³?@@³Cò³Ý?çŸ?
e§L?WBî³³?ÃzN¥ò³MkC\?MÂò³ãNVvB?iú
?ŒêÊ?
??I¢¶CêÊó]ò³?¯\?©È?»?±ß?Bò?°P?I
ð?zø¹ŒC¯?ïÃãÚÍI³ï?§?çóŒì?BR§CQQŒ??L
?^Cö?ò³³?åÊ?°F?I_?ós?IÈ?BÃzé?^ò
³å³z?z[üT?³?CAó¢Ÿ?ÓÄB383NCÃO??³?C¥Œ?
ò³³?X?¶^fBŒsMò³IFN¹?C??ãés?¢?CöÙ@r?
IN¹??C¯?çÙÍœ?ò³k???ñoIá?BNCzß¹Ä?å³Àg
?CI?¹ãC?Vå³?¶DŽB386NCÃzü@î³ó°N?óôçC395N¡C
ógå³BžŒÒóU?³àŽŒ@hÈyò³C¬?îÂ@³EjSlšBŒ«ò
³??îÂ@³??ë?Iå?Cå??Cæ@ÊoѶÍU?³MÂCrª?Ÿ
?Ìò³pžt§ì?`B[9]ö??Iò³k???C?ã³@ÈÅ?ò³?ÈC B?¬û¥GzEzFÁ[1]:164[3]:38aåwü®«
Œ«û¥GzEgúºhE?ïiJames "Red" RobertsjÝà
LÝúIeF\ŠCŠ³wèIŒ®úpiœëHKèÞCs¯ïÈwBÈé{á\×áCÝ_Ô`åvÖ
XAOÔŽ?êsLoSBuM&M'svéÃÍKèv40åäCsÊoSI37åäsvBujNÀvÑ
ÐXvuAA0008BYvúxËyiB[18]2021N5CMéÉÚÅjß140NI?BèúÜgDuÎàÔvwoÚOÄ
[P@öâÄC߬l¹ë@CvûisœûÊüPCïq?úÝÍÝõCeÆ¢wühšA
Äñ
ùpaúÁúFôàUÉCB2021N522ú?ã11CßãSLç¥9äÝlüB§Æ¢á]
dlq?LñîCö¯åhIíßICöMV§¶M?Cgéo»ê££gîBŠ³
L³ÊñäCüâiL[{üPó¬ÊBû³ñäÝúÒyEõÂÄB§@ðOcõçžÆäjá]Š³
âiìŽò³AŸ³C×ö³O¢Itgzæmòn§B¥êí?³iàò
±zúº³jäoî³Aų
¬§¬IN{énC¢T^Igzénøzêñ³_Bò³zŸ¹???zúº³IP?ñ³?vzA
î³Ië?`AųI?ñ?OA?gÀå??°?IÛèA๟³IVgTOCÈyøzêå`Ig
èËmhvzC?¢¹ñ@OÛ_énBò³k©ÈI@³ä?×å³µIg¢EVChC§OIeå
@³³hü¥êIͬCÅãìs¹üCB[1]ò³F×CÝŸC¶Ý_íݧI¢E
CŠõŸ¢EäoüKâEBÛCõŸäoüKóCÝsNÆBÛCüKÃNüõŸCñÒᢶåDClÞ¢
Eö?¶BãÛCøÛݧI?ÔCAüKÃßíiúÖBš¿¥üKÃI?šCž_¥¥õŸ
I?šCöò³Ûèš¿¢ECó]påi?IMÂaiIú¥lŸèËmCñdõŸ¢EBL{ÒF×
ò³¥æê»ãÓ`ãI^³@³C[2]Xíæ£×^³¢E«®ü@³IBêã\B[3]ò³Ýgz{y
óàò
±zúº³IQC³åòí|Cãßšº~BŽãCàbäÏI@³SószÑIÍ
Å?C¡úÝgzß?®SÁžB^FIò³öäoî³ë?îÂIs¯ðasäp?tIÔx§íF
è×Ù[CóîÂkIÒUCÝ10¢?ãQQB±nœIò³šÍêxr×»·CÝé°çìk©B
ü Cäoi³A?³Àâi×gOγhCóåSñêRšÍisBdCãÒÝð¹ÊÅÖÐBvãÈãC¬
×énIò³gDî{ÁžCœÒ¬üųCrA³åuŽòvIYsíàšuç×ÞŽòvBBꮶI¥
{y»Iò³gŸ³hâ|CLl¶ÝúÒIöòÅóÆëe¿C¥PŸ»Iî³Ù[ïèÓÇ
hi?ôhjMkBÝŒ\ñ?C©âió¹VgIæê?ŠCŽvzJnäoïèÓÇh?¶ª?Bñ\l?
Có¹VgIæñ?ŠCJnò_I|ÓBd¹C?£³£C©sn§ò³Bòê?nA?蹩
È?§¢E«@³Iå?Bgäß??I@³väÈICœ@³??\{BŽêCÈI@³ÇÀ°ê¢Æ
aê??ŸC§äI@³?s¯C«¬s°?¢ÆCÑpLI?ŸC?dVUCpBŽñCÈI@³
üLŽL??I?³?˟ȶÝCêU?³¢CŒ?I@³A«èü¬Cú¥a?Ts?BA
äI@³pR°LI?TCLå³A?³mA?¯aßÒCLqdaìC«ï¶Ýi?h[6]gÝŒû
§³ïICAs¹?ûGÝ?û§³ïICAvLŒûB§ä?ó]ùŒûC?ûB?Œûs«
ßäIgÒpe??Ÿ?oIº¹CäIgÒ«ÝLIés韩ÈI³?äI³ï«ÕzL
IésCäI¹«?Õ?¢ÆòÝ^?ôhrô@C^ŒI?¢ÇÒÈyŒI?O׌CV@
?ü?kûü???CÝߢŒ{s_ç¡aCŸ¹nlIÇCn€çÚó¹òIw?B
@Œ?ͬæI@fÁ`CÝߢ^?ôh??A?³Cóžo?OóxBò?¹m?i¡
bîzRIêHxzRjC`?¹n€Bò??_çCgêÊ?l¡ãóCó?\¹€Ž@Íaq
dCüŒ??³?B€a?°sÚó¹ò³Cócò??ÅÉBÝóx?CŒÂ\zŸ¹Å³?°?ñ
IvzCÈyų?MkI??`®Bòñgz@Chæëéaíq?ËóxÍOpF???³C
ò³³?ÝóxŸ§B?êûÊCòhíq¢ü?û?³B¢žÊ?ñ??Có^?ñ??
°n»BÈ¢?ñAïÜ?ñ?€qlI?³g??¹?iKushanj?«AÈyØiMervjnæCg
ŸnI?œ€a?°á¥Ë¹ò³CóÝn¯º¹?Í?åI?³?BÅaûã«à¥cåðYyJú
ÆwTB@ûÊáOV?¥çBOA駳CêíV@©ŒÝmÒ jÍÌÄäðf«ÁÄsÁœ Éc¢ ɶ«ÊêœZÆŒæéjªâÁÄœ ŸªA»ÌjÍŸç©ÉËžÝjŸÁœ O©V³C@Êá?B(O)}?³CÌJ?}?³BŠ??ì?C?}º?V³C@??Avv?B(l)¯?³CÌP¯?³BŠ?ïO©§?°êÅ©V³C@@??
B(Ü)íZ³CÌoÑíZ³BŠå?Å«íZV³C@žÏ?B??仳V
îC¬s°]ìC??Am_AqåUA@]??ϳ??Cm@Aóº?ÈVz°ž
Ï??Ü¡Væ ?CVäqûô§WŽå¬Bkndõ§Vl@³»CÈÜ?³?Ž{BmO?º?ÉãAåi?àÓA@??º?É\ãA@?º?ÉOAåÊ
žÏ?WðÉO\ÜA???`Éên@(ñ)ì?V??å?ųL?³^?³ñ?C§?³?ª?Ü?CŠF(ê)lV³³B(ñ)L³C³?L·?Û¶ÝV³C
@¢Ü?B(O)Ù³CÛèL·?Û¶ÝV³C@Êá?B(l)¯?³C@@??B(Ü)íZ³C@žÏ?BAoã?VÙÊ??i??ìjCBñ
µ?C§¢?Ü?Bmå©?ÍÉêA@??º?É\ãAå©@?ÑÍÉêA@??º?ÉêA???`Éên(O)ä@ã?V?B§Ü?????A¢Ü?Aû
?AÊá?A@?žÏ?BiQ?eÜ?ª³f1132j@(l)ã@óV?CÜ?³??F(ê)¬©³C(ñ)Êá³C(O)[§³C(l)@?³C(Ü)žÏ³BæñÊá³ÈºCË
Ì婳AO©³AꩳAÅ«³B@óÜ?V?CÝŽê©Å«èí??qVCR???¶ÉOCã³»ÍCÌŽàm?äq?ó`ÉêAܳÍÊH?ÉÜ\n
sOåU@Éty»Vl³zF»?ÒC@o¢ê㻚V?®çBmêA?³nC?s?¬©CŒ?å?àéCÌŒ?³BŠ???çBmñA?³nC?Š?CL?A?A?V
s¯C?@°CjË×@C§³³C??ñ©CŒ?CŠ¢Ü?çB°ûïãC?Ëñ©¬÷Cߎ?üå?àéCŒ?CŠ?Œ?çB@°ÊáïãC
ö?ódV@C¿ñ©?¬VîCïêØ@F?å©CŒ?CŠÊá?çB@¥©ó[Cæ§?CÌŒ?³Biñ©ÒC?©çBjmOA駳nC?@s
v?qd_ÊVÍC\ßå?¯ïß@C?e?CÞsmCsmÞC?§÷Č駳BmlAsè³nCsèÒC?@sv?qd_ÊVÍC\ßß@V?Cœ?¬
@§?åÊGœ?å?àé§?¬ÊCÞmCŸvsèCÌŒsè³B sOåU@Éty»@l³zF»@ÒCÅ»?¶Vû@çBmCåUŠÜåUV?B??¥?eÜêض
CÌŒåU³BmñAʳnC?ÊOåU³CÊ@?A?ČʳBiÊOåU³ÒC?³?ªì?C??Ù¶l?CA?^óVC¯çBÊ@?A?ÒC?³ª
ì?C?^óV?C\°^óC¹?sóCŠü@V?³BámósóCïêØ@CŠü@V?³çBjmOA?³nC?Šu?s¯V?B??OåUAÊC?@?³CÌŒ?³Bi
?OåUAÊÒC?³Æíì?Cs?ñ©CçB?@?³ÒC?³?@?Csu?æC§s?ZçBjmlA?³nC?ŠsÎV?B?³?¹VC«?ZC
ÙVC@@ï«CÌŒ?³B sÅ{åçTtyª³zFiŒÉjäƧVª³çBØT@ØžÏÜ?C»@Vl³³¥çB»@Vl³ÒFêAO
åU³CãS¥_VOåUCÞ»RC?ö?¶ÅVlúC³³ãß·?æSVñ©CT»ìFÒBñAʳC?Šó³¶Vl^úCgÊO©§¯{ÒCAÈìF׳@Cñ©×T@B
OAʳCñ©VlFs¯CÊìF?婳ÊV@ÒBlA¢³CÅãªVìF?¢ZV¹ÒiÊ¢ñ³Vñ¢ZšjBÈãVl³C×»v
?¶V@åCÌŒ»@B»VVl³ÒCÈÞ»@?Š?¶VV®ì@çBêAÚ³CÚåV@CÚ?ʳ¢³Vå@ÒC@Ø¥çBñAQ³CQ@CQQæ?»@
Vl³C@ûÊáOV?¥çBOA駳CêíV@C?é§V@CgêðVl©ŒÝmÒC¥R@ÒgûÓVsvcÍBlAsè³CêðV?ê@g
ÒÙðCœŸvœsŸvÒBW»@Vl³C@åZ¡C»VVl³@åZûC¬ª³çB~æV`áHFuÚl³C¥Å»VGåUl³C¥Å»@ßN`L}éñ±C`
Ýúlm튳Eõsl¹ÒICácïpYyJúÆwTB[11][12]2019¥?aÅaûã«à¥cåðÚFCSiûã«2019¥?aÅauîúÔC`s¯
ûã«ùåúC§Š³ºI
Ί³ÝLS`BêêÔûã«HêCLs¯ó]{há¢uCSiûã«viŠŠ³Hƶ?Iûj×s¯ð¢CÒ{¢LñäBœ§CŽ
ãLs¯á¢»LlÕãAâXœoSÒ?sŸICSiûã«CLlÝÔåöµå_Õ
CSiûã«B[13][14][15]s§êV·t\ãSøpsöJ¿ç¥tŠs¯Çâ
{CSiûã«I¶?aªzÉCA{Èu¹QÌwIcJ\Ívy¢söJ¿ç¥tæÆuæOÒ¿vIRC?öJ¿CÊõóá]Bö¯ê}§@ðcõsÆêi
ñyÝ?nLCSiûã«oSCá]¥u£NåvB[16]Žã{y€ÐÇ?CSIûã«üCáØ{psöJ¿ç¥tæÆRèª?huuB[17]Ä[«aÒöà¥c ³»CŠ³»?C̳A»³A³?A»³_CŠ»?ð?ÅÉ궟s³@Ió·?V_Bå©Å³œ³TB ãCųm?AŽï̳?I`®Aû
@AàeAÓ?Cisª?§»Ê³?IÌnCÈŸÅÉŸs^ÓBBF×ÅÉŸsö?aö?§¶A??Ûª÷A|???§?C?ÝLoüC°¥³»?ö
?¶Bä@©qÒåtnVä@CvàÙ¹VI»³_Cñoª×ܳA»Vl³äo»@l³O?Câiܪ³C㻳@àš ÅÊsV»³BªÞPanjiao of b
uddhism.pngqûôÝs@?º?tñoܳI_BŒF×ÅÉä?¶s¯Iª@a@C?@I€dêys¯Cª×Ü¢?iCŒ?gÜ?h[2][3]BØiÔjBç×ÞŽòÅ
ŬÅ?CÅ°¬¹Oµú??s???tCÈ©?V@?÷I?úC¢å©Bã\×såûAÅØãStBgØhVŒÒ©sØãStC`àšgÈØiÔjäµåäüÅÉhCgØ
hàšÔIÃCÌ怹AÓ`s¯gÔhB¢Üi?jBÅ×g¬©h?CÔÝØVã?¢Ü?Bã\×s趢ÜãStAs·¢ÜãStAs¢ÜãStAsúã¢ÜãStBg¢Üh
i?gamajVŒÒ©ls¢ÜãStC`àšÒA¬BGìçzlú@ÖCÌâi?BûB¢ÜVãCåv?e×ñ¬üåCíæÈg¬hCæ«åCÈ»±?¶üå©B
ã\×sÛl?ãStAsvvãStAs¿ŸãStBgûhVŒÒ©sûãStChųÈwâiå©Å@BÊáBé?Êáó`C¿å¬??Vî?C¢å©Bã\×
såÊáãStBgÊáhVŒÒ©såÊáãStCÊáiPrajn?j`àšgŽzêØIqdhB@ØžÏBJÜèûCO©×êÅ©C§?³C?^íCŸÅ«CX°üžÏO[?sžÏ
?tBã\×s@@ØãStAsžÏ?tBg@ØžÏhVŒÒ©s@ØãStasžÏãStCg@ØhIgØhagØhIgØhêéCÓ`a怹s¯gÔhC@ØSâi¥g@@ØhC
@Ôä?@CÝp¶|æ¡Èâi×g@ØãShiLotus SutrajB³qûôÝsl³`tñoCª×»Vl³äo»@l³ñÒ[4][5]B»Vl³»VCÓ×Åɳ»Aé`v?¶IV
®Aô@BÚ³Fg?hŠ§AŠCàÅÉæV@³C?¶æî@[úÒCqdíCŒ?å@Bã\s???tBQ³FgQhŠ?CL?A?A?Vs¯B?ãß·©A?
æS©ñ©@Càš?Cã\s¢Ü?tGã?ûãSTCËñ©Cæ«å©Cߎ?üå©Càš?Cã\s?Œ?tGãÊáïã?óAdV@C¿ñ©î?CF±düå©C
àš?Cã\Êá?BöL©ó[IæCÌŒ?³B駳F?ÅÉsÂv?IqdA_ÊCßå?g¯ïß@C?e?CÞsmCsmÞC?§÷h[4]Č駳B
sè³F?ÅÉsÂv?IqdA_ÊCßß@å?Cgœ?¬@§?åÊCœ?å@§?¬ÊCÞmCŸvsèh[4]CÌŒsè³B»@l³»@CÓé`v?¶Iû@B
åU³FSâiOåU³CŠãSA¥A_OåUCàŽOåUÜLųîb³CCæÂÐä·§ü¢
¿žÏCÂì×ñ©³@IÙâiCŽçÃܹìF³@[6]BʳFgÊhÒà³O
?ãCŒWO©CÈìF©àš³@CÈãß·A?æSñ©àšT@B[6]ʳF?婳@CLÊñ©ª@CÌŒgÊhB¢³Fàg¢hCŠ¢ÞA¢ZAsÎCŸsvcö?B¥Å
ãªVl?C³?¹Cñú¹ï«sÎsÊG?O©?¥êÅ©C³g¬©hAgå©hIªÊGÈjÔAóÔVTO·iŠsàãStg³äA³lA³?¶
A³æÒhjB¢³?úèqdBFñ^@Å«žÏ§BsÅ{åçTtyVä@Ü?³zi??jVä@ª?ÅêãV?@?Ü?Bæê???BŬ¹@COµú??
??V?B¥Ë??§^ŒBæñ?B????@\ñN°ì?¬©¢Ü?V?B¥An§^ŒBæOû?B?¢Ü@ªN???é¡?å©?BöiûV?jC
?åUÊ??l³CÏiV?jCí?÷V?B¥A?V@§^ŒBælÊá?B?û?@ñ\ñNC??Êá?V?B¥Ë??§tŒBæÜ@?žÏ?BÊáñ\ñN@
CªN?@??Cêúêé?žÏ?V?B¥Ë??§tŒB?âVl³???HFe¢Ü\ñûªCñ\ñNÊá?C@?žÏ€ªNC??ÅOµúBfÜ?A?TV
㧪VÒBX§»?Vl³^»@Vl³Cª?Ü?V?@?®^?V³?B¥äƧVÜ?ª³çB sÅ{åçTtyÜ?³zìÜ?BŠ°Å³?TVá»ã
Cå??žl\ÜNV?@CTžó§ü[CÌ«Vª?Ü¢?iCÌ?Ü?³Bä?°?TV??CósËŽ?WVæ@C§nÈÜ?³»?yBÜ?³VªL@º?F@(
ê)žÏ@VÜ?³B?v?ãVd?å?ųL?³^?³ñ?COÒT?Èì???ÛCgŽ§¬ÅV³C@???B?°º?A??ñ©VlCæ?üå«?V³C
Ì??³CË?V?C?³Vàe?ª?F(ê)O©?³CÌL³BŠ?O©Vlª??l?A\ñö?AZxV¢?³C@¢Ü?B(ñ)O©Ê³CÌÙ³BŠ€Ê ³»CŠ³»?C̳A»³A³?A»³_CŠ»?ð?ÅÉ궟s³@Ió·?V_Bå©Å³œ³TB ãCųm?AŽï̳?I`®Aû
@AàeAÓ?Cisª?§»Ê³?IÌnCÈŸÅÉŸs^ÓBBF×ÅÉŸsö?aö?§¶A??Ûª÷A|???§?C?ÝLoüC°¥»?ö
?¶Bä@©qÒåtnVä@CvàÙ¹VI»³_Cñoª×ܳA»Vl³äo»@l³O?Câiܪ³C㻳@àš ÅÊsV»³BªÞanjiao of b
uddhism.pngqûôÝs@?º?tñoܳI_BŒF×ÅÉä?¶s¯Iª@a@C?@I€dêys¯Cª×Ü¢?iCŒ?gÜ?h[2][3]BØiÔjç×ÞŽòÅ
ŬÅ?CÅ°¬¹Oµú??s???tCÈ©?V@?÷I?úC¢å©Bã\×såûAÅØãStBgØhVŒÒ©sØãStC`àšgÈØiÔjäµåäÅÉhCgØ
hàšÔIÃCÌ怹AÓ`s¯gÔhB¢Üi?jBÅ×g¬©h?CÔÝØVã?¢Ü?Bã\×s趢ÜãStAs·¢ÜãStAs¢ÜãStAsúã¢ÜãStBg¢Üh
i?gamajVŒÒ©ls¢ÜãStC`àšÒA¬BGìçzlú@ÖCÌâi?BûB¢ÜVãCåv?e×ñ¬üåCíæÈg¬hCæ«åCÈ»±?üå©B
ã\×sÛl?ãStAsvvãStAs¿ŸãStBgûhVŒÒ©sûãStChųÈwâiå©Å@BÊáBé?Êáó`C¿å¬??Vî?C¢å©Bã\×
såÊáãStBgÊáhVŒÒ©såÊáãStCÊáiPrajn?j`àšgŽzêØIqdhB@ØžÏBJÜèûCO©×êÅ©C§?³C?^íCŸÅ«CX°üžO[?sžÏ
?tBã\×s@@ØãStAsžÏ?tBg@ØžÏhVŒÒ©s@ØãStasžÏãStCg@ØhIgØhagØhIgØhêéCÓ`a怹s¯gÔhC@ØSâi¥g@@ØhC
@Ôä?@CÝp¶|æ¡Èâi×g@ØãShiLotus SutrajB³qûôÝsl³`tñoCª×»Vl³äo»@l³ñÒ[4][5]B»Vl³»VCÓ×Åɳ»Aé`v?¶IV
®Aô@BÚ³Fg?hŠ§AŠCàÅÉæV@³C?¶æî@[úÒCqdíCŒ?å@Bã\s???tBQ³FgQhŠ?CL?A?A?Vs¯B?ãß·©A?
æS©ñ©@Càš?Cã\s¢Ü?tGã?ûãSTCËñ©Cæ«å©Cߎ?üå©Càš?Cã\s?Œ?tGãÊáïã?óAdV@C¿ñ©î?CF±düå©C
àš?Cã\Êá?BöL©ó[IæCÌŒ?³B駳F?ÅÉsÂv?IqdA_ÊCßå?g¯ïß@C?e?CÞsmCsmÞC?§÷h[4]Č駳B
sè³F?ÅÉsÂv?IqdA_ÊCßß@å?Cgœ?¬@§?åÊCœ?å@§?¬ÊCÞmCŸvsèh[4]CÌŒsè³B»@l³»@CÓ×é`v?¶Iû@B
åU³FSâiOåU³CŠãSA¥A_OåUCàŽOåUÜLųîb³CCæÂÐä·§ü¢
¿žÏCÂì×ñ©³@IÙâiCŽçÃܹìF³@[6]BʳFgÊhÒà³O
?ãCŒWO©CÈìF©àš³@CÈãß·A?æSñ©àšT@B[6]ʳF?婳@CLÊñ©ª@CÌŒgÊhB¢³Fàg¢hCŠ¢ÞA¢ZAsÎCŸsvcö?B¥Å
ãªVl?C³?¹Cñú¹ï«sÎsÊG?O©?¥êÅ©C³g¬©hAgå©hIªÊGÈjÔAóÔVTO·iŠsàãStg³äA³lA³?¶
A³æÒhjB¢³?úèqdBFñ^@Å«žÏ§BsÅ{åçTtyVä@Ü?³zi??jVä@ª?ÅêãV?@?Ü?Bæê???BŬ¹@COµú??
??V?B¥Ë??§^ŒBæñ?B????@\ñN°ì?¬©¢Ü?V?B¥An§^ŒBæOû?B?¢Ü@ªN???é¡?å©?BöiûV?jC
?åUÊ??l³CÏiV?jCí?÷V?B¥A?V@§^ŒBælÊá?B?û?@ñ\ñNC??Êá?V?B¥Ë??§tŒBæÜ@?žÏ?BÊáñ\ñN@
CªN?@??Cêúêé?žÏ?V?B¥Ë??§tŒB?âVl³???HFe¢Ü\ñûªCñ\ñNÊá?C@?žÏ€ªNC??ÅOµúBfÜ?A?TV
㧪VÒBX§»?Vl³^»@Vl³Cª?Ü?V?@?®^?V³?B¥äƧVÜ?ª³çB sÅ{åçTtyÜ?³zìÜ?BŠ°Å³?TVá»ã
Cå??žl\ÜNV?@CTžó§ü[CÌ«Vª?Ü¢?iCÌ?Ü?³Bä?°?TV??CósËŽ?WVæ@C§nÈÜ?³»?yBÜ?³VªL@º?F@(
ê)žÏ@VÜ?³B?v?ãVd?å?ųL?³^?³ñ?COÒT?Èì???ÛCgŽ§¬ÅV³C@???B?°º?A??ñ©VlCæ?üå«?V³C
Ì??³CË?V?C?³Vàe?ª?F(ê)O©?³CÌL³BŠ?O©Vlª??l?A\ñö?AZxV¢?³C@¢Ü?B(ñ)O©Ê³CÌÙ³BŠ€Ê ŽÉÍZ͢ȢÆ`ŠéÆ»ÌjÍ ?³ÅBü ä¥Ýìk©úCi³aò³¥s¥©nüŽCOx@³³^¥§ßãNãaVHãS±nœBüåB©æñãcéŸ@¢¯åæV\ONi639
jŠºo?¹€?¶×CŽq?q·ŠÊãd¢€©C©¹ÝuÀŒåsì{ÖÇB㌺@J³V¡C©·¢BžôCJŸI§xa@³Iïe×
¯¶»IBd¹WÅJå?BácI Ûsé·ÀlûŽßêSäÝCÓå·C[ÞÙ ²BXs©óx¶ptAgzÒAÌèAÙtAðãæÓ?AÙæüHCn
êÞ®
Ý{ìñí¬sCM°qßÓéfnosB[1]ÝéIwiºC©©R¬×OγBdIÅÀúB
R§COγÝ9¢I@ð¹ÊÅú¯óÅ?CnQQÞo ?jäiBsßCìIe¿s¯ú¹Ráèªá»BÁÊ¥ò³Ýãúçzü¯ÔâO§¬BCäoųA
¹³A¯ÔMÂZ¬è¶B2008NᢻIÈsàY¶tCåT¬ŸûCVÛB@¡ÝàYãpLåI@tÛ¶±Ÿ³ÈViŠãSîa@³V®ÐjC[2]\ŸàYŸ³
üª·ÊCÈêí ¯ÔMÂI`®¬B¡B[3]
Tq?³åðÚFàò
±zúº³
10¢IsŸÁ__á`tCo©ÖàC¥pæÎ?I{_B
ᢹgzIàò
±zúº³ÝÃã âiì?³AÎ?³Câi`γCx@³\¥¢_üòúºé AÀ§é äoXé I ³C·ÉêBÂ_ÝŽìsÎ?³ü l
tF×?³ÅŒ· ¥n©ké°ìÀúCŠö³6¢ICké°èËŸ@âJVÓV_A¥?_GÑåê¥F×?5¢ItßBü GÄV]læeí¶àÙ¿ã
CF׎üØÔäÝ4¢IB?³©g_FIâiÄäoŽŒ@³s¯CŽŒ@³êÊâiuvC?³âiuâKvCÅIâK¥ŒzVŒìI?âKB?³ÒLÊŽŒ@³I
êêy¥³kÝ ÀsB³Cçs|æ¡ãSCö§MküLÓlL¿lB[4][5]RoyŸÁlIæÁÂmCä@ÝLuFÛviìuFvj¯EC¹æ¡©ŸÁêusrtp
wvC{Ó¥u€àñÌvCœ×ŸÁ?³k^CCåÇÝŽnœZIŒæÓlÈyŽ@³®BY³ÝØŸÁÞŽ·sC©ÜãIÖàALŸÁl§?IæÎ
?åðB@ð¹ÊÅúC?³¯óÅ?Cv©VãÝ ÁžB[6]»¡ ?³åYpåvÂÈnoyIŸÁlÅB
i³åðÚFi³
©så`i³é³{ãStãSïãI\ÔaòV€ÄñÐB
i³¥î³û³ðBü ÈãIŒâiCh³?ÒíëF×¥ãáz?¢hBöŽ³ÀÝgzFXé CÈüé âiå`³AgzãS³CÅIËèŒi³
Bå`i³¬s èÚCŸ@åæVãNi635jCå` Låúº¢
{¶æãSÒ·ÀCŸ@hÉ[ºêŒ}oü?Bl?³`ãCŸ@ºßÝ`JV¢å
`êCçA¥i³@CÀÝ[ºêAé°?IŠºJnæ¡ãSHìBCi³Ý á¢W¹150NCêxLu@\¹CÞSévI·µB[7]¢
{Ò@
luèN å@åvGsžãStÚCgzmiÄö³8¢I¿æ¡¹35i³ãS¶BŒ@á¢Nð¹ÊÅCi³A?§v¬BY³æñå§üB ¥v
³©§VãCAŸ©ÄxÁSBi³â¯ºIåYpisœC»LåUãSŽîŠá`a¹i³@Çá`B¢OCÒLi³kæLèžåäüIæèAi³º
viº\ËaŽŒ¢ßåÚåäüjB
ò³åðÚFò³
10¢I¹ò³ãŠuMIK III 6286vauMIK III 6283vCžãLõŸ¶Aë?¿Cºû¥ò³I¯B
ò³¥á¢¹FXé «?Iêíøzê@³Cö³3¢IRgzlònC?Òí×îÂêåÙ[³hB10]sÅcItÚC¥VÚ³Ni694jCg
zlcœaò³ãSÒ©Bò³I«nÊrC¥VÂ\öŽ?¶DŽ§DÒò³B[11]ãöæ¡sòõų@VªtØpåÊųpêíº
@»è×u{¥×©CÏâiųCæsfêt³v§ÖÐB[12]ÀjVªãCñêRŽHŸ§ò³× ³BßåSñêRIÍCY³JnÝŽnœA BdCÀ§
ò³@uå_õŸvB[13][14]Œ@ð¹ÊÅCò³óA?§íÖBY³ãçzü ìûCnœC@?êæCݯÔâO§¬BCÀQäoŽŒ@³C?
Üãv³¹sBv©ÈãüâiŸ³CíácI¡ÒË×uHØvBuHØv¥öò³?äÖäHCAŽ³kÀñüØCŒì§ŸCZÊË¥ÅzIHšBu
v¥¥Gò³IlŽVæÈâiCŸŽòdBAŽY³ICñíiC¹fHOCÂ_woFuò³ÈÉCÒlÉC©òÉñCpàÉöCsž×
ê¹úº@³Bvö§Y³\ó¯Oc}B[15]ò³ÒkdãS€ÀñIé³û®C³åòsÍe©ï³TµãSCÒeèã»såñ@€tB»¡B¢Iò³åYpi
³¥ŸŽÅdvI¯Ô@³VêCäo@³œªHFCAL@³êé®õQ?[1]:679Cr\ÍN`CŸŽ_ãeLê@[2]:132B
cãSnÊCןŽŽŒ³hÌpaüB1564NųkuàRqvïs¢æSÉtCíÁ
ŽÜZûI`®CA?eã¥á]
ŽÅjôCsªžÚ[3]:153-155B1573NCkäuòd¢çï¹uÜZÉvÉCÍí
ŽIÜZûCœøp
cãSÀñ³×¹Båñ¯úIsÀ{ÉtåÊØp
ŽIpêaTO[3]:168A157BäÝ?NÔCØkIOz³âi
c¥u?hVcçz¢vCC¬³ÊC®»¢lCŽãSœ|øp
³ãSCc
c×Oz³©ÈIctVê[3]:159B¯ÔLÞÌp
cIãS×?¶[2]:147B
³íá]×Ù[׳B?ŸC
³Ðº³Å³InÊCóųmá]×׳BŸlåmVêI_±@rCá]
Ž?Iu³×vCŽ¥EüeíúºsCáw¹äÝsŠóI¹CSúsºQèWCWԳק€L×C¥ï¹{I׳C³Å³käÁÈU?B§åU¹J¥á]
³ãSæÃYúŠCëQlSCs䯶¢C×QXr@³[1]:675-676B
³öó¯ICçíÑê}yÐwE×Ù[[9]:253B?Ÿ¯õF×
c³ŒC¥ßÁØI@³küpCŽs¥¶¹CäÖ~[9]:263BŽã¯{wo
³À³s@îCAwË××
Ÿ³œŸ¹CwŸ£¹Aáw¹B¶uŸ¹vñIo|FuEqHFw{ñVC€ŸáávxGv{§sñCKŸ¹çv[1]CLu??Ÿ¹vê[2]B¹¥Ø¶»IêÂdvTOCsACtFu¹CçCOF¹çCOËäÝš€RÒçBv
@CuŸ¹víøpì×ê@³p?Bu¹vÝ`ì@³MÂpCuŸ¹vÝ¥wMkúü¹ŽŽæI@³MÂBs¢ElÜéŸtæ18\ŸuüÌ@³œMÂV©Rv¥î{lÜVêB
žàS?¯Å³¥©ÈIMÂCó?¯Oá¥ËIlA¥Å³kB@ÊúPOá¥Ë?í??ÞoųC?mœoÆlÏ?pBïÌI??Ës¯m??³Ls¯CåÌ?Cùv?û?
êÊœœÊ\?ß?©È?ŸIl?ogä©¡úsÄá¥ËÅAsÄá¥Ë@AsÄá¥ËmhêÕœÕCŠÞoųB[Ò¹¿]
í?I?ð¥«Æú^Þ³ì¯??B??ãCàS?¯Oá¥ËIlŠ¥Å³kCsKRóúiïÜúAªúœ\újB?°oÆl§ŸCÝOá¥ËIî?ãK?ó?Iú¥C?œú¥«ó??CÁ?¥Ælª{IoÆl«©?žmlIg?CíjåCom?BA¥C?ml??¥?žäuœäuòúÌCüv?mlsézúPOá¥ËCŒ¹R¥ê¢Å³kBjúœ?Ïse?ųkIg?B
ç×ÞŽòÅ?oÆljúœ?I@??ì¹?èBjª{úyÆÜtdßÒ«s?ÄoÆC§å??Iäu¹LdVoÆI÷ïCL?@r?ÂÈOµdVoÆBœC?°?úPOá¥ËÄdVá¥ËIlCųóÙœöãIÀ§B
ÝîÂ@³óäc¶¹ãS CgŸ¹hióäc¶CaEpoEstaEsiajÂŒÜLgâüAÌüœœŸhIÓvBigksB21F21CsV¢t?jåv¥w@³ÌߧŸCÓŠE£œÌü^I`B?î³k£J³ðÀsÄMî³MÂIlìéIâiÄCâiÄæLæÈ`BÂÆî³I?@CŸ¹A¥wüœœŸãéBL±Ÿ¹Ilð©âiF¯aòãéCÈâÚó^±œSs¹ãStñoI¹œKèB
L±lö×sF¯?qÒa³ï?³IB¹è@aŸsš~iá@qÒœÖÙa¯«öjC§£JŽ¢³ðis?£@³jC¯éðíwŸ³B
Vå³IŸ³
XœM§FâW³F
ÂÆVå³IMÂCê¢lóô@Ai?¥Vå³kCg?ô?ÝîÂkg㯺¹sÂ?Iž_ó?C\ŠŒ®°îÂBCœß?çÁs¹?¢ó?Bh[3]sVå³kêo¢AóôCV峬{y{óô¬×³kCóô¬×³kIvärúªé Cös³kêÊݬ{ãsðÄ]\TC±ðíw¥âW³FCAIŽê¶¹ðÛ¯Ž³kIg?Cñ
n³ì|Èjå¥C@nEHúºB
uŸ³Òv¥wöJwüMÂIlCíðᢶl¯ó³ðQIúB
Éz³IŸ³
åðÚFŸ³ (Éz³)
@ÊêÂszÑúüÉz³MÂCÂíן³Bå«RsÃãStLãS¶ŸmwŠszÑÂÈQÞ³ÒCA¥LÚsã¥àÒúºŸsIszû¢¹P?tÈLLÚwsã¥àÒúº?ߟ³ÒäíEC©4:52:260[4]A9:84:57A58y64[5]A9:89:271[6]B¡úC¹Á¢fAÉNA¢xŸê±Éz ƹÝLuŸ³ßvCáÒÂ\í»YBÉz¢EuŸ³v×åßCŠgÝsÝŸ³ßI¢ ÆCÞ³Ò¹LÂ\óü?szÑI°drlgQB[7]
PŸ³IŸ³
»ãIPŸ³LÞ³Ò{@³±ÈOI»¢|±B ·XƱÌ̬§©çbͶߜ æSåB[3]:139A137[5]:132s³MÉtFSŒs³M^³CØ©ÝÉtCËųêÊIVOaz
²³MaâVúCøüV__u³É¹cvC³É¹cn¢äÝšCÂ\¥wußÅvBãS¶á]Ò`Å
¥·FCçỹ³a@³ICsû®[3]:142-144BBLèÏÚåIHvCË\Buóv?
©RI«E[5]:132Bs×RÉtFSŒsÙÙs®×R[ªÊÉtCwol«yŽ{ÒÊÚ¥äÝ
šV¹C¥Å[wI©äCi
·¶C^«æäÝäÝš§¶ÝCá]¢lãRMÂAút\cA
ÊæÅ@[3]:147-149GVnI{¹¥?óICCSË\ãÊ{¹@ºF³vÍdåihCsPÏúº
C³`âW@äoÄy@C²ÄyŠlSIÅ«BŒá]ãSTaôOÝšiI`[2]:135-
136CâW@Ê»C²lS¥êØIª¹C¯^óCŠäÝäÝšI{¿BLlsLÅ«CBê
ÚW¥qÅ«§lŸæSåBŒœêÊIâX`û®CF×ߥuL×@vCOÝA\ÛIŒ
CŒ¥å£ü?TCû@¥³×C̳hâi³×³[3]:115B
Žá]@]:661Cçsñy@
³`I³¶Vê[2]:131B
³×s¯IêØ?¶CñÅÈŸNvI¬û@CJèC¹IVH
lCsKðü_àICC§KÝÆmCs[6]:98A118CæšêÊlDųú¥CÝÆCsç
ÂÈÚåCÀŸMÅID|[7]:95-96CÂ?¥ÕàZâWI¯ÔÅCL׳³f[4]:661-662B
³ãlãã¢ãSCdvIL1639NuŸóctvìsÅ?OcªVnQ¢Ét[1]:674A1682
NIsOcs?öRÉt3ÉAŽsl¢s?æS«Ét[3]:150-151B19¢ILÂ^
èûĶ
ï¹Z{CégÊág
šC€130ûCAí¯{ŸCL¬B[8]:24BsOcs?öRÉtLq
cäo7ÊÔm_¹CñçêsOãSAñsÅAOsàAlsÔAÜsg×AZsôÅAµL
ãS°Aªs®¿íCãsêyCCî{ã¥vÈÒló׌F¯Å«B
³²äo¯ûIePèWCs
Ocs?öRÉtuq
ŽÝN€ÊOW»_ÊCi§óClÐ从vaÜãS¶[7]:95B
?jŸã
cVã³×³J}UtC
cq·äoíq쪬œÂhn[1]:674Bn?NÔC
³v¬á¢WCÈ^Í
è×îb[2]:138CÈìŒè¯i¡]hÈAÀJÈjAŽ]×åvªnCÐMk
?œCåãæµ®¯?CMkïJ€öê°[1]:676BzuÝ^HIÁçŸÄCœŒ¥
³Mk[9
]:255B
cíá`¬ÅCó`[2]:135C_»×~ ¯°pYCm~ RŒåUÔmIAdCÆó
OGüNB
ŽÈãC
³?êct¥ucuãìi1531-1582150BuãìÝŽ]B³[8]:47CŽÐ
Ž]|BCŸ|Bácn³h̳áž{tmF×
Žçz¢Cóáž{tçz`×tCùèucnÊBŒnì
MkCûIûÌC@qŒwûÌrAq§ØQ¢ÌrCCœìen28Êu»tvC¹åjœÈuvœ
Œ[7]:96BŒâ\
ŽvzOCçÌ[¹?@³I_bCﳶèÓÅI_q[3]:150Buã
ì\íŸÄZNCoã¹ããB³CôÂÔCÝãu_x»3700éPlCöB¹®ßx·åCÄí
ßCíöÆŸaCê?Bãíq|Blàùoi»tjã³@¬[7]:96-97Bmåvaml
³ÔxsêBŸããúC
³Mk×ÜZû¹s]CïÕàZ@æ26ãBlCïLs
JS@vtC1596NCÕàZ@æ27ãBl¹èÎÄÁâ[[3]:338-339CŒì©âiÕàZ@I¯Ô
@³Ì³CŸmòIŠ[1]:676CMkïºRIml[4]:?ŸIœÅ³kF¯
³¥Å³
IêÂhÊCÀñO¹C?¯õhd
cC@éV×Aü@uCc
³¯Å³CLmåvÁÈM
ò[3]:98A105A108A111B
³Ý
ŽÆ?RšÍåCк@InÊCm§åU¹Ja_±
@rsá]
³[10]:204BäÝ?NÔNC¯õU?u@A³×vCc
³ácì@³Iêx[4]:662A687C
å£æ÷B1585NA1586NA1587NA1603NA1615NsLåbãtå£Áس׳[3]:147C1606NC³
׳k«VÝPzLÓšC©âiu³×³åvC?ucÉÅvo¢CãÚ?uãS?@Cü³¯åŒCé
€
©¯{CŽM?ﯺCö³¯©ñ§sIíß[3]:697-698Bì¥
³IêÂSC1618Nì
IåÉåºßæ÷
³yŽãSBAõNÔCìm¹ç×¹ÜCPMããoŒ§ó
³
É[2]:137-138A147BŸ
³?êct¥LcL¶Fi1578-1646jC©âi¥uãìctçz¢CÝŽ]
`ãpJ°B³C¹@åsCŒ®ŽŒRœäoIô³hCïuãìBḻI³h[7]:98C
ÈuâXA`AõApAFAîAAMvתx³œœŒCCœI»tªzŽ]AA]ŒCÅBÎìC
©È¥V]ìCäonû¯õeP[7]:99C®CŽ®HPÝ®CzøS©ÈÇ÷úº§Áü »µÄT^qR𢫵}n}ð¥ŠÄ«œI ŽÍMhIð¿ñÅâÁœ ¹œ?É?I`?ÛC?¹ÈMògOEhIèŽ?³C«¢Eª?VAnanºC`V_g?hAn
_gNha?_g?hB?iC?çsÄí??¥V_VqC?³c?h?Ä?íò?³åC?AQ
baS©?nüV_a³å?sÕâJCó?n§x»BwÒ??????ê?úI?³¥¬ZóxIå
©ÝVh@`¬IŒ?±zž©Aò?øüųCÂÈ«??¥èŽ?³Oúa@úIªE
?B?úIèŽ?³íåU?ųÌ?g?hB?iI?³©Å³øüåʳ?C[?©gI?
C¬?¹ê
¬^I@³ÌnBų©Œ?±zÝÊú??üŒåUBŒ?±z{lósMÂųCŒ§
èI?@¥ïܹfAãA?áAç®S?wų³?IYC[ª??¹?ê_BAŒ?
?Ê?}ųI?ͧ??å«ÈÐ?€?I?³?ÍBs?Cöón?«IÀ§a?³¶
»Iï§Cn?Ù@Ÿö ?d[3]:56BÔŒúº?ÝÊú?C?¹???I?ÐC?nåÍ}Å
³Cóžóxßà£É?sųmO?Å@B@CÔŒúº?Ê?Å?oû??Iû®C«Å³
è?³B?³öŽvL¬^I³?§Ý^ųIl?BA?³ksÞ?CQlųIû®C
®ó|??³I?TC?§N©È®®I?ÌnBAíÔŒúº???¥??³CÖ~?³I
?dCåãæj?a¬ú?³kBž?³??n?ünºa??næ[3]:59Bs?CåU?ųçó?
³I[e?Cá@åU?ųI{žA?@_A??A@íAiA©TÛªšåœ?©?³B[3]:60
N???Å?C?³Äx??Bf×éö?V@C?³Äx¿NBå?^åU?ųI@Oú¯?C
?³Øw?©RI?÷[ª§©gI@³?Bs?³?Ts¥?¢?ú?Ê®¬IBs?@
CåU?ųn?¥ŒåUIå¬C?³I???ü¢¢AÀœANæ??næC@?üÃìnæ
a]ìnæ[3]:60BNüEì???imNyam med Shes ryal mtshanj¥?³Ý@Oúú?dvIã?
C??³I??ìoËo?£Cíž??³æñãc?B06N?§¹HŒ~úó©Cå¬?iŠ
g¬zhAåZjC?ÖúO\lÊ?ãã?VñBÄ?HE¥ßãÅŒIêÊ?³ã?CŒÊ
??³aåU?ųI?œ?TB19¢?@CŒ^åU?Å^mgØAÓ??N gAHgÑb
l?Nü??Cå?Áe³h?Iª?C?s¯³h?³¯ždB?³¶»ÝŒåU
ynüv^®a¶»åvœó?djC?œ?í]?CA?fèŽÑAF?AF
Ê?Gdv@s?djr®S?CsmŠóxA?àAsOAò?n
d?³?Büv?ú@CÊ?{?ŒaM?IoCŒåUenI?³?ß?íC?B
³Câi³×³A婳C ŸŽ_ã¬sI¯Ô@³³hCŸãúRRl
Žn§CÈsê÷å
¹ÉtuÜZûv×åvãSCå£qlS{«IæSåCœOÝI@³V®œ¢CKÝÆC
sCM?È^Í
è×åvîbCð°Õ?å]ìkCe©×CMkæuãSAHfCìœaBݯÔC
Žíâi×u
cvCnÊC
³çíí¯?×ųIêxCMk?œCª¬œÂhnCäo
@³ÀâiCÝRêxк³Å³InÊCÝŽãœó¯{æ÷CíwË×׳Cxh¬¥¬·¶
³AÂ@³A^ó³AâV³œÂ³hB
³RR?RºIŠnãpl
Žn§B
ŽogR?[1]:66
8C¥^^ÆRl[2]:136C\ÝkŒkûI§_qºðCá¥ËųCÞÞãêÅ13ÚC©F
å¹1482NC1509N67?Ièç×Å@[3]:117A115CŸ¯I[4]:661CÝ^D¯
B³CçŸåJamlxBB
ŽêxÝŽ]B³[2]:136A138C€?³18NBŽã
åJÝ]ŒB?
³CíqrœC·senG©âißãSBæSåI«EC?NZÝhBVrR
B¹[1]:668A675-676BãSy³`
cÉe
³åvãST¥
cIÜCâiÜZûC
è×É[2]:135C1509N§óCœ|øpsàÈVt[3]:115C[ËsàãStasØãStIêCào
ó_Ó¯BácL³¶VêCr?y¹³ŒCçsŸd~å\èÓÅ [2]:136BÜãSŒÚ
ê÷å¹ÉtF
ŽIž_©BC©q\`©ŸtC¿³@œCsCOÅœNCŸuÞ vü¥¶zC€
sàÈVt3NC¢\Ò§CÅãIæSåCBVlêI«ECQ?£ÖçIû@[3]:117A12
-121A124GllSsLå¹I\Í[5]:131BQ¢³×ÉtFwoÅn¢ÀåÉ¢ÔäÝšCŽQ¶œçz
uŠÀC£Ql¶Iêï[5]:132CærLßÒIóŠ±CÄ?lì÷ßC³øM³ÒliPI
~æÜBŠgÝ¢ÔsPCÅœüŸÖçP¹A¶èûMCA¹R¥?ËB®lâVúC
sVOCAsä
ËÆ¢IV®CÅdv¥ÂlIæSå[3]:130-131Bsj×ÉtñûFSŒsj×èûØèoúÉtCãSæ¢
ÓOÅAóúAâWèA¢Az{AêsaoÆêÊųCsC±Css¥uOvCs@ž_ãI y?
AÂÈis?
äæÎCsùvŽŒIÝõBÝäæÎC
õùvãI
ünÊCÀgŽœ
[i^
jA
BŽŒ
õiB
jϴ
üâÕyiâÕjB?
ùvñíÏpC§ûÖpèSæ
B?
çÂÈpÒ\ê±ÁZCá@âÕ
úÝæ±NIèwãCÀgŽùçziçz
jBÝâÕ
äæÎçL
ê±ÁêIâÕ®ìCá@óâÕB¥g?³I?ÌCÌ{³A?³C¥ŒåUI{y@³B?³¥RŒåU
IŽn??MÂ?§IC祌åU?jãÅI@³BŽ`I?ÛïVnúA?uè¹ARÎ
?e?©RšÈy©REI_?aS°B??³Å?I_¥åB?³³k?ååüKÐCöíåU
?ųM?âi?güK³hiåU¶F???????CÐFnag chosjB?³k??güK³h¥ïL?ÓIÌ?Cö?ÝåU?
güK³hê?Lg׳hIÓv(ųíâi׳@)Bª?³M?Ið?Cg?hÓv¥gX?hœg?çh
[1]CÓ?©ÛY?gghigyerjB?³M?«Žª?úIŽn?³iåU¶F?????????????????????CÐFsrid par gyud k
yi bonja@IèŽ?³iåU¶F??????????????CÐFg.yung drung bonjBŽn?³?ã¥ê?šL?IÁ
êMÂCèŽ?³¥RÛY€qh?ÄiåU¶F??????????????CÐFgShen rab mi bojÝüvŽn?³V@?
§IC`¬¹©ÈÆÁI?ÌnB?³I?u?gèŽhhCŠ?¢¶ùIgÂh?§¬IGŽ
äog?hûüœB?³¥ŒåUI{y@³CÝú°????nÊC?LQA?V?CŽ?
ÍråAMkr?BÝf×??oªI?óCçïL?³Þ??CÊ?Þ?ñf×??Im
BÔŒúº??ÊV@C?¹Á?€?CåÍ}ų?ÍC«Å³?§?³óÅ??³BÔŒúº??ê
ô?œåbIœRCAsÈž??B@Iã?s?¹?êôCÔúºŒ?aÔcúº?Ý
Êú?CX¥Ý?ãåbVã?ugmhê?C«Å³m?nÊu°¢?°VãBm?§öåU?
ųC??³IÅ??¥?{Á?B?gs?³M?Šð¢¢AÀœANæÎ?næB?¹?³¶¶
C?³SÊų»C?³òN¹Å³IÅAì?Aà?AŸ€CúPÈOüKFI³Cü¬?F©FIU
ŸCsÄ??âšCæîųäuê?ä?C¬×åU§Å³IêxCAÛ¯¹ê±³?a?®??iá@©
ÈtjûüisCêÊųkÈjûüisjB?³IS@¥HŒ~úCÊ°ŒåU©¡
æú\?næìØÑ?«àB?³\?úóåUwEI?Cß\NÈËíàOwÒd?Có|
?¹åÊ?³I?j¶£aTÐBÚO?l¯€aÆ@³?Ç««?I?³^åU?ųêN
?®Å³?ïVº?sÇB?³?¶°ŒåUÛYi¡ŒåU©¡æ¢¢næjCÅLkœ¬hC@
Rh?Ä?§IèŽ?³?è??CŸ¹ö I?dBRN`VAnAúAA¯CA
?ARì©R?ÛIšL??C??¹???I?WC`¬¹?L?œx°NI?¶an?»I
?ç?Il?@³BåU?ųwÒª?³I?j?a`¬?öC«Žª?œ?A?a?O¢?
iB[3]:54Žn?³?úŽn?³?úCíåU?ųwÒÌ?œ??úCêÊž?³c?h?Ä?
næªÊf×€~??BŽn?³c©REšli»CpšL?I?Oð?êØš^?
ÛI¶Ýa?»B[3]:55?I?³MÂI?Ûñ휧?CLg?hAg??hAg?hAgµ??hA
gèT?hAg??hAg_S?hAg?Z?h\??³B?³ÝÕâJ?®ãÈÉ?r?šÕâJ_
?C°?Jš?_??KC@ñü_?\ŠžhCÈæì¿?_?\Šåi?G@?üåUæIųž`®
ãzŸ¹Žn?³I@³`®C¬?¹åU?ųdvIÁ_VêB[3]:55?úI?³®¢`¬©Èn
?I?ÌnCªUAe©Æ§§Ýs?nC?L걎nIÞ?«?CÈS_`?åB[3]:56?
³Þ?Ýf×I€ë?LkInÊC¯
??dvpFBf×€ë?LgÃhhinÊ°
?jê?CR?³Þ?SCB?Ê?oîsK???gÃhhI??Có?gÃhh§êÀŒ©g?Nh
I?ì??B??ìoê?rèCsvRgÃhhÊ?èmZTrè¥ÛÂÈ?sBèŽ?³?ú
èŽ?³?ú¥?³I¬naè^I?iCÂĪ?Oúa@úC@ú^åU?ųÝe?Có¬?¡ú
I?³BåU?ųwÒ«Žª?Ì???úa??úBèŽ?³úi??újèŽ?³OúíåU
?ųÌ?g?hC?ú¥?³I¬n?iCåvž~??Œ?±zÝÊB~??ú?C€ë
I?³?Ì?Íß?å«ÈÐ??I€?B~???¹??©gvCžYÄ?AÛYau
¥?¹OÊL??I?³Þ?C??ÈÅ??³?ÌBÅ@C~??ÝêäíŽåb
?V?y?QB~??IÌí??ë?åUz]CŒI?¢Xq¬úB@~??IXq?
wlC?ñ€ÊBóžÛYãÙ?êÊ?³Þ?C§¹æêÀ?ËæCóÝžÛY?³?I@³?®
CŽ@Iª?°ÁSB??ó y?
AÂÈis?
äæÎCsùvŽŒIÝõBÝäæÎC
õùvãI
ünÊCÀgŽœ
[i^
jA
BŽŒ
õiB
jϴ
üâÕyiâÕjB?
ùvñíÏpC§ûÖpèSæ
B?
çÂÈpÒ\ê±ÁZCá@âÕ
úÝæ±NIèwãCÀgŽùçziçz
jBÝâÕ
äæÎçL
ê±ÁêIâÕ®ìCá@óâÕB¥g?³I?ÌCÌ{³A?³C¥ŒåUI{y@³B?³¥RŒåU
IŽn??MÂ?§IC祌åU?jãÅI@³BŽ`I?ÛïVnúA?uè¹ARÎ
?e?©RšÈy©REI_?aS°B??³Å?I_¥åB?³³k?ååüKÐCöíåU
?ųM?âi?güK³hiåU¶F???????CÐFnag chosjB?³k??güK³h¥ïL?ÓIÌ?Cö?ÝåU?
güK³hê?Lg׳hIÓv(ųíâi׳@)Bª?³M?Ið?Cg?hÓv¥gX?hœg?çh
[1]CÓ?©ÛY?gghigyerjB?³M?«Žª?úIŽn?³iåU¶F?????????????????????CÐFsrid par gyud k
yi bonja@IèŽ?³iåU¶F??????????????CÐFg.yung drung bonjBŽn?³?ã¥ê?šL?IÁ
êMÂCèŽ?³¥RÛY€qh?ÄiåU¶F??????????????CÐFgShen rab mi bojÝüvŽn?³V@?
§IC`¬¹©ÈÆÁI?ÌnB?³I?u?gèŽhhCŠ?¢¶ùIgÂh?§¬IGŽ
äog?hûüœB?³¥ŒåUI{y@³CÝú°????nÊC?LQA?V?CŽ?
ÍråAMkr?BÝf×??oªI?óCçïL?³Þ??CÊ?Þ?ñf×??Im
BÔŒúº??ÊV@C?¹Á?€?CåÍ}ų?ÍC«Å³?§?³óÅ??³BÔŒúº??ê
ô?œåbIœRCAsÈž??B@Iã?s?¹?êôCÔúºŒ?aÔcúº?Ý
Êú?CX¥Ý?ãåbVã?ugmhê?C«Å³m?nÊu°¢?°VãBm?§öåU?
ųC??³IÅ??¥?{Á?B?gs?³M?Šð¢¢AÀœANæÎ?næB?¹?³¶¶
C?³SÊų»C?³òN¹Å³IÅAì?Aà?AŸ€CúPÈOüKFI³Cü¬?F©FIU
ŸCsÄ??âšCæîųäuê?ä?C¬×åU§Å³IêxCAÛ¯¹ê±³?a?®??iá@©
ÈtjûüisCêÊųkÈjûüisjB?³IS@¥HŒ~úCÊ°ŒåU©¡
æú\?næìØÑ?«àB?³\?úóåUwEI?Cß\NÈËíàOwÒd?Có|
?¹åÊ?³I?j¶£aTÐBÚO?l¯€aÆ@³?Ç««?I?³^åU?ųêN
?®Å³?ïVº?sÇB?³?¶°ŒåUÛYi¡ŒåU©¡æ¢¢næjCÅLkœ¬hC@
Rh?Ä?§IèŽ?³?è??CŸ¹ö I?dBRN`VAnAúAA¯CA
?ARì©R?ÛIšL??C??¹???I?WC`¬¹?L?œx°NI?¶an?»I
?ç?Il?@³BåU?ųwÒª?³I?j?a`¬?öC«Žª?œ?A?a?O¢?
iB[3]:54Žn?³?úŽn?³?úCíåU?ųwÒÌ?œ??úCêÊž?³c?h?Ä?
næªÊf×€~??BŽn?³c©REšli»CpšL?I?Oð?êØš^?
ÛI¶Ýa?»B[3]:55?I?³MÂI?Ûñ휧?CLg?hAg??hAg?hAgµ??hA
gèT?hAg??hAg_S?hAg?Z?h\??³B?³ÝÕâJ?®ãÈÉ?r?šÕâJ_
?C°?Jš?_??KC@ñü_?\ŠžhCÈæì¿?_?\Šåi?G@?üåUæIųž`®
ãzŸ¹Žn?³I@³`®C¬?¹åU?ųdvIÁ_VêB[3]:55?úI?³®¢`¬©Èn
?I?ÌnCªUAe©Æ§§Ýs?nC?L걎nIÞ?«?CÈS_`?åB[3]:56?
³Þ?Ýf×I€ë?LkInÊC¯
??dvpFBf×€ë?LgÃhhinÊ°
?jê?CR?³Þ?SCB?Ê?oîsK???gÃhhI??Có?gÃhh§êÀŒ©g?Nh
I?ì??B??ìoê?rèCsvRgÃhhÊ?èmZTrè¥ÛÂÈ?sBèŽ?³?ú
èŽ?³?ú¥?³I¬naè^I?iCÂĪ?Oúa@úC@ú^åU?ųÝe?Có¬?¡ú
I?³BåU?ųwÒ«Žª?Ì???úa??úBèŽ?³úi??újèŽ?³OúíåU
?ųÌ?g?hC?ú¥?³I¬n?iCåvž~??Œ?±zÝÊB~??ú?C€ë
I?³?Ì?Íß?å«ÈÐ??I€?B~???¹??©gvCžYÄ?AÛYau
¥?¹OÊL??I?³Þ?C??ÈÅ??³?ÌBÅ@C~??ÝêäíŽåb
?V?y?QB~??IÌí??ë?åUz]CŒI?¢Xq¬úB@~??IXq?
wlC?ñ€ÊBóžÛYãÙ?êÊ?³Þ?C§¹æêÀ?ËæCóÝžÛY?³?I@³?®
CŽ@Iª?°ÁSB??ó Å°ÉÈÁœjðcµrOÅÂë¢Å¢éÆ úCãCsö€?¶?°SA?ÈZåw?Sã@A?sŸa?hT§SAŸa?h
T§S?õa?hT§?àSå?»òå{CÝVirologicalã€âã?z¹aáISARS-CoV-2
îö?ñM§[94]BÝŸTS?oóözSARS-CoV-2Iñ@CœÆ¶šÈZöiŠªa
Åîöñ?s¹?I[PCR???i??[94]B114ú?C?¢¶šöÌC??COVID-19uîCö
iî°?õPCRIZ?°113ú??¹SARS-CoV-2j_????áŽÈy¥óaÅÊp^j_???
?áŽ[95]B115úC?åW??z¶ÍÌC?åîöº®[??åö¹ã?ÈZLÀöi¬÷€?¹d
}«ÄzÇ¥?aÅ2^j_????áŽB120úC?ÀîöyŒ?Èwç\Š€?oaÅ????
áŽ[96]B?¶šêÊZ?l?\ŠCœÆöi€?ISARS-CoV-2j_????áŽÑpIå¬??Ž
¥?õPCR??CpøšT??úaÅ?ñCªŸTSoI??ûÄñIO¢?
_CLCœ?¢?_æ??«CsÂÈfèaÅ?d}zÇ¥?aÅ2^B???Êáæ?«A
ïæ?oêðÈ?G?«A¥êðœ?[94]B2020N312úC§??öiéz?öiî°j_??
I€?»??û@Ÿ¹üHia?šÇÇiFDAjI?}gpö???ÂÈÝS©???ã
åÊ?sC?ånñ¹??ÁŠB?\ŠCp?öiIoba00&8000ªq??n?CÂÈÝ24¬
?Và??ª???1440C4128¢?{?
??IU¥w??ü?F?
óŒÚ£¬Ÿª[1]BNBA
U€¥w?¢NBA?GœÏ??ä?UÅœI
?B1946-47 BAA?Gú?CSü?
?ïiN
BAIOgjñ??Uóö\U€??[2]Bž1974-75 NBA?C?U€??I
?
Ý??GvQÁS82?ä?I70?Cœ¥Usá°400[3ž???§1968-69 NB
A?G~CU€s¥ÈU?»fC@?¥È??ä?IU?y[3]B?ËEzï?Ý1990
-91 NBA?G€U1164C1989-90 NBA?GœÏ?U14.54C??s?º?j??óÛ
¡[2]B?E^?Ý1987-88 NBA?G€U868CœÏ??ä?10.6C¡Û
Vè
?IÅ
??[2][4]BL?ð
?È¢zEÛ?Ý20078 NBA?GIUÅœC?925Cf?ENœ
?¥œÏ??ä?UÅœI
?C2011-12 NBA?G¢ŒœÏ??ä?U11.7Bzï?¥
?U€ÌÅœI
?C€LãB?uE??Ȫ?Ž@CR@¥z?E??IZB?
XEîúºajäÚvE?Ys\ܬ?U€C?¶EgÁa???Ë?eLlBOüL¢zEÛ?
AÀçEäÉAá³ÉE?^zaf?ENœ\œ?U€ÌBzï?IãU€Ì¥??ãN
?ŸC¯?Ž?ŽŒ
?B?jã€LOÊ
?ݯê?G\ºU€??I¯?????Ÿ?¥
?Cª?¥??°1957A1959a1960N??gm???ÁlÅür?C^¢E?zÁ°197???
Îl??ür?C???Ë?°1987N???Îl?Åür?BâÕ
^®N¹1891N1221
úCRü ÇÇBtcsî³ÂNð{Zi?¡tcw@jéç³tû¥GzEÞj§ziJames N
aismithjmᢟ[3]Bác±ÈåäIâÕq×ÚWCÈæŒ×âÕ
[4]BÅ?nI?
??gp
I
¥«
CŒ1950Nã?úC?òEhÈ?Ëø?¹?????pIF?
BÅâÕäæÎãê
lÉAênå¬AäæÎÔϳiÀ§CüvlÉAÂÈäæÎB1932Nmú?¢¢æê
ÛâÕ
ðcC¯NÝ
n¬§¹ ÛÆéPâÕ
ã`ð[5]B1948N ÛâÕã`èn1950NJn?lNšs
ê¢EâÕ
ÑWæÎCÝ2012Né?XŒ×jq¢EuâÕ
æÎ[6]BqâÕ
^®¥n1917N»NIC
ácãêàõ9lC1920Nãü×?à6lCVãü×?à5lB1953Nqš?æê¢EqâÕ
ÑWæÎ[7]CÀèÈã?lNšsêB ÛâÕ
ã`ðKèCú^ðâÕ
æÎÒÁäæÎIjqàÞ×
\ñàCi¥ãú^ðOOŒCå? CküFAìüFAüFAåmFA±FA^FAñFI¥
Ràa¢E«iæÎIæêŒBÒÁäæÎIqàÞתàBÒÁi¥ãú^ðIOOŒCå?
a¢E«IUæÎIOlŒB?ú^ðã¬ÑÅÀI¥ü âÕ
àahüâÕ
àB1992NbDz
[ú^ðJnCEÆâÕ
IèÂÈÒÁú^ðäæÎCñ¹ú^ðâÕ
æÎ
âÕ
¥êígpÝâÕ
^®I
ÞBâÕ
ËÆŽprs¯CLs¯Iå¬CÂȬŒlüLÉp¡IAp
CçÂÈå
ŒlêpÚIPû®p
Bá@ÂNâÕ
Iü·×27p¡i69ÐÄjC§ Æå{éçŠðiNCA
AjjqâÕ
I
ü·Åå×30p¡i76ÐÄjCNCAAqâÕ
I
ü·Åå×29p¡i74ÐÄjBNBAI
WâÕ
ü·×29.5p¡i75ÐÄjCWNBAIâÕ
ü·Åå×29p¡i74ÐÄjB œü¿êÊð
IpNCAAANBAœWNBAå¬I
[1][2]BâÕ
K{¥³¢éCOçêÊgpçCÉäPœ¬š¿¿
»¬CdÊñ×600650BâÕ
ùvÅãCË\³íisâÕ
^®BüvL
êA?ÂA?âAâÕÔ ¥êíRd}«ÄznÇ¥?aÅ2^ikFSARS-CoV-2jøá¢IBõaC?v¹ê??Iuî
?«xASgÇœ??ªiSIRSj[67][68]A?È?³Iã?«_ÅA}«S§??AÃ÷\áV
CrS[69]BŸaàIúÊíñÝ\Iã4-5V¶ECêÊF×sðŽß14V[70]B97.5%I³ÒðÝŽ
õã11.5V?o»Ç?[71]BÚOF׳Ç?³ÒçïLBdŸaI\Í[72]B2020N8CìÁBåwIÈ
wÆ?ÌC2019¥óaÅaInÇóIgÂ\h?¥æ??CR@¥Pua§÷áuÉC?Sa?fÊí
o?Ý ?VO[73]B?^¬ŽÅí?Ira`¬?Ÿ?äCŠæPu@??ª?l¯€aÆ?¶
NÏ?ï?zIsV^¥óaÅŽõIx??ûÄi?sæµÅjtC2019¥óaÅaÚOÂËÕ°??
íª×?^AÊ^Ad^Aëd^CÈy?°?f³ÒaÙÇó³Ò[74]BÙÇó³ÒÙCœ?°\?CA
j_????«CÝ^±îvº¶Ý?õ?ŽŒlI\ÍB?°?f³Òj_????«CAewÂ?x
\?CL¬sawjaiœjo???AÄz¹ÇóAÒb?E??îvB?^³Ò?°Çó?÷Ce
w¢?x\?BÊ^³ÒïLá¢MAÄz¹??Ce{©x\»Bd^³ÒLÄzâzI?
?iRR?30/ªjGaiœjçó?ºCw?Oax?93%Gaiœj®¬?ªØiPaO2j/z?ZxiFiO2j?300
mmHgi1mmHg=0.133kPaCCUnæ??sZ³jGxew?Š2448¬?ào?a?Ÿ??W>50%
Ò??ÂdÇÇBdal¥o?ÄzâGaiœjiüx?ÔGaiœjŽŒí¯÷\âùvICUÄì
¡ÃBö?drlÚOèŸaIúBõrl¹Ý??[32][29][30]BêÊF×uîÅúIBdÂ
\¹©ì¶®šlIBdCãÒlBl¬×åvIBdrlB2019¥óaÅaåv¥§ß³ÒPuœ
ŬIòBõ[75]B¹ŒÚzü³ÒIòVOCçÂ\åSRæ\?óò?õI\ÊCÄæ\?ä_
§Bõi«?õBdÍ®j[75]BL¶àÙ\ŠaŽéçÂ\§ßnäPBdCÀF×aŽéÝnäPI?Ô
ºCÂ\¶·BÉú[76]BÚO®³æ{Ÿa§߳ûrlBdCAßæL±³ÒI³ÖÂéoa
ÅCös\rèèš[77]Bó?d¥?daÅILÁraCÊí?¶Ýlœ??AÊ??·Iºà
ó?CÞŽ¥Ý`?Aé?ïAö€ðÊHïaçWï[78][32][29]BáµaÁtg?åÊaÅ[3][2
9][30][79]B?R2019¥óaÅas¥«BõaCAÚ«A?§ÚGsLÂ\?daÅ[80][81]BaÅÂ\
o?ÝêûCA¥Ûï?õ??X®sŸ?[82][83]B??2019¥óaÅa??@ô@qIIŠÍB
CDCIRT-PCR2019¥óaÅa??áŽ[84]œM§F2019¥óaÅa????ŽõCOVID-19IaáCùv
???õtçz?ãÚ?èY®œäiRT-PCRj??aÅj_æ?«Ë\®S??BA¥Ý?°?HCsr
???ÊæïIœ?IÂ\o?C??¬sawÚGja?°Á_?s?ªÍB[85]?±??è
ise??³L?ÇóIa³Rã@?s?yI?fa¡?C???aÅg?Ò@Äïíè_ã@
?sèü¡?B[85][86]ŽõV^¥?aÅI^aáismfK{ÌWèé{C???õRT-PCR?
?V^¥óaÅj_?«ÒÂÈ??BÝÄz¹é{œté{isaÅîöªãCáäoßmIV^
¥?aÅx¯¹CŠ×mfaáB[87]á³@§ßRT-PCRmfC¥Õ°ã^aá{¬sa{Úæ\
jae{û??ÊÕ°Á_ªÍd}«ÄzÇ¥?aÅ2^IêÂÁ?¥ÌpêÊI[
AÁtïA«B42%C`¶å{çÎ{@ªÍ`14ŒdÁêBõ«x³ÒIñ300Âé{Cï
áA@ôtA[AÁtAtAAty³ÖCÊᢻs_aîIdöxCL³ÒI³Öé{ÏæL
d}«ÄzÇ¥?aÅ2^C[AÁté{a³Öé{ᢻIaÅÊ¥áB`¶å{çÎ{
@€ÒF×Cdé[AÁtÂ\uRvC¯é³œïA«ŠžŒB[88][89]aÅ??RT-PCRRT-P
CR??¥?LI?COVID-19aÅ?s??Iå¬û®B[85][90]L€žÁŠa¬{ãA??û®ño
ŽŒÖãû®CwoÝ?°?HRT-PCR????SARS-CoV-2Iò?B[91][92]ÝCOVID-19³ÒŽ
õ@úCã?l?ÑpRT-PCR???jÇóÁÞI³Ò¥ÛÁÌàaÅBL€??L±³ÒËR
¶Ýí«xA??CŽåvZ?IÆu?EüLCD68+ ?EACD20+ B?EÈyCD8+ T?EB
[91]öCsÇp@@q?{?sI??Š??«CÂÝa³Ix????c¯IaŶÝB?
ê???C??³Ò?XœgpxÇxAóôt??{ôPCRCó?ßo@I³ÒæîçH??B
[91]??RNAaÅCkåwaŽ?åwI€Ò??\¹ê?V^??alŽõSARS-CoV-2I
?èiSHERRYB??èiÊ?î°Tn5?À?I????Cä??Ismart-seq2Z?LXDI
ÁŠC?¹?{IùÊBV^¥óaÅ¥SHERRYñÝ?°ã?s?pI?ÛB[93]2020N111 ßïåvª¬??®a?᢮_íBœßïípšãœtAÖAA²AòsA£SÍA¥ÍA[âÎÁÈ
Ýv§ŸBd®IᢟçíÁüßïIÝvácC»ãÈZI³fÁüßïácCgªBßïÁžBZ¶Â
ȧßs¯ÝvIßïCúÁéIèËxaqÍB?°ßïI?qâ NwÆñ??v??Cà?¥??
I?XC??Ý??ãKR¥æ°à?Bp NwÆqÁEz?Ç??Cl?Ý®¬¹?a?Iåvgp
V@C®L]IžÍ¶ÝC??]IžÍI?A¥à?C??à?óvL÷IÚIBúº ¶šwÆ?¢
EJ?i?woCà?ós¥vLÚII?Cs¥^?p¶Ù?I?C§¥?«??I¶ôy?BŒ
©ÈA¥?väûßvBãSàZßïœl饌IßïæÌêCÝO\ ÆL1500IÆXCNzÆzL136
ü³ßï¥lÞ¶¶ßöIdv?CößïðãSàZ¢¬e¿BßúCßïç÷SðöâX§úÁB20
05NCü Ißïç÷Sã`zñ2290ü³B812?VÔIZ¶ÔIèAã`Éßñ×2,210ü³[8]BÝ2011Nñ
88%Ißï¥æ̬w(0-11?)[9]BßïöiïªZ¶ìDIüÌA²®Z¶IßïCó]ÝsêLXI
?LŠBkœIßïLMà¡Iõyãß¹CÈzøÝÔH¢E¬·Bü×Z I·Neil Friedmanñ
unV¥ßïÆIè®C×¹v¬÷CÝvßïùvLïAnVIÁ?CzVIZpyølüI?eCË\æš
¬wLÁìIêBvÀSKèÝê± ÆCð§@§KIßïi@€IÙÏØjùLxêCx
Â\ðL?HIëèšœ ÆLÀSWKè?±ßïÂÈÌSBŽå?¥×¹žàIÝIèšCá@ÎÐ
ëQCœ¥gÇÄz¹¢¬§Â\ðórëy¶œIIèšBNêk¬Ic¶Â\ðßïúiûC
ößïIÞ¿ðÁÈKÍCÈÆc¶ÅCçðKÍÞ¿ÈðÆÎÐBZ¶Â\®¢{?±¥ÀSIC?±¥
E?iAllie YoungjaÐõEJEäÉ??iWilliam J. FieldsjÝÊ??³lšx[3]:41-42CÈ?|«????ï?I
B?¬û¥GzEzFÁ[1]:164[3]:38aåwü®«
Œ«û¥GzEgúºhE?ïiJames "Red" RobertsjÝà
I?œó?lŸñŒ[7]B?RgLcŸCAf??¥ÝSs¹??I??B??ú?CŒÝ?ús??ti[1]:165Bs
HÕz??Mgú?tiLouisville Courier-Journaljœ???I??è@Cü€a}ó?lCHÕz??s?ÐõEBEû¢XiWilli
am B. Harrisonj\Šx[1]:165Bf?Ý??³?Ê?C«ïðLRÝCB?€GEDKXCœI€
a}B{¯???CO€a}B?ºúº·EPE?ÌŒ¥gžç???IߢÂIyšŽlhithe terrible Turk fro
¯å}l?[2]:362BÅ?f?Ý?ÈŽ?7.?æ?èC?ºmîBB???Ÿ[·IV??[6]:529BãC@
svCf???¹mîãZ?_?ïC?¥ê¢|Ýü\?Ÿ?mîãZ?_ÌIlñ?IP??[8]BSCB?ú?C
f?ê€ö\2368l?ê?_ÌC?ºVI??CóB2014N4¹RŸÈÛ[9]BŒö\?êÌIlÅ?mŒ
I¥û?úºEKúºzC@ÒpgKúºzãZhVŒ??¹múºî??õ`X[5]Bf??\ö\?œ?el?ê?_ÌCï~E
ëèšIC§êsêèðzLÂ\Iî`Cö±ßïIxêyKèñídvBèßïÀSC?ê Æ
LŽ©ÈIKèCAö×S
»ysêJúC¢Ee ó]²®Ž@KCge I@KêvBcZãSíðßï
úÝûDöǧßïI¬?yŽûœI¬?AiOIdv[10]Bê± Æœ¥fÕéiá@^¿jALöz
ŽdCǧßïy¢¬NpïIÖp»{š¿BLèÜh¿Icèç¥èIdvCác?iŸœCŽßßïH±
ÂÈ|IÍ¡CL±H±ðßï¶?Or¬CmŒxráI»¢€CkÂ\¥ÝŽŒ Æiá@
jB±»¢€Â\LóDIÇCÂ\ðIpsKèIÞ¿œ¥»¢û®BÝ2007NLü ³öᢻœ
ßïÜLåÊICŠÜ ßïBVãü ±å^I€XCJnv±€ÝßïãËOùvª
ácsÄùv^±ßïCLðl¶ŽñŸÄgpBêÊðoP@\C¥PÓH?œ¥~¢RCÝÔÉæÌ
œ¥?SoCL±¥ðošÙBsßáßïj¹œ³@ÄgpCÝ?üùiO¯ÓBoàÙœ¥ñèIßï
ù¥£ÄIC§LZë[12]BáßïLdrCÝÝ?üOùdræoñŸCL± ÆL§«IvC
L±»¢€iLittle TikesjðßïŸñÀñŸB2007NåÊI »¢oû?iñŸ[13]CgŸœü I
P@\bâÚóñèIßïCPÓH?üÚóU[ßïC§œP@\j{ñoIŽdŽ?Lßï[14]B
Edqd@ÝõwßiWEEEwßjddq?iIÄgpyñŸCždqEüšCÝ2007N12úßÝp v
Ýßïã ¥êíRd}«ÄznÇ¥?aÅ2^ikFSARS-CoV-2jøá¢IBõaC?v¹ê??Iuî
C¬?lÞ?jãvlÉÅœI¬saVêBYaßmIñŒal2019NØl¯€a ÎkÈ¿
s[18][ 1]??CŽ@aÝS
ä?à??í??oBB2022N116úCS
ßÝ??ç¥3.26?Œ?
?aáCç¥553.6Œ³ÒS[5]CÚO¹Ýã°UB¢Ee??aŠIÄ??·?råCB~202
1N28úCœÆ?aI??aŠÝ0.5%-5.0%V?[21][S
?C³aŠ??2.9%[23]B?Ÿa
í?IÇóï??APuAæ?AÄz}£A¡kæSrž[25]BžŽo?ÇóI??Êí?1
14VBOªVêIŽõÒÙÇó[26]Båœo?Ÿ?Çó³Òi81%jo??xÇóiÅœ??xx
jC§14%o??dÇóiÄz¢?Aã?œewãŽ?50%IxóÝjC5%o?ë}ÇóiÄzâAx
œœdí¯âj[1]BVNlo??dÇóI??XBL±lÝN?@I{¢à¹ï??ênñIe?i2
019¥óaÅa?ú?ªjC§ß??@?í¯I?QBßW?œNI€CÈ?ê????ŸaI
?úe?[27]BaÅåvÊ?û@ªåš?dCïPu[ 3]AÅ?a???¶IÄz¹?
?±?ÊísïÝó???d[3][31]BA¥CâÝß?IlÂ\ïözü?±?§íŽõ[ 4]B
l?çÂ\Ê?ÚGó?õI\ÊCR@ÄÚG©ÈI?§óŽ29]BÝ?Ió?àCçÂ\Ê?\
?Ýó?????In??d[32]BÝo?Çó@IOOVÅï?õ«CsÇÝÇóo?OaÙÇ
óIlgãsLÂ\?d[3][29]C§L€?Š?40%-45%I³ÒóŽõÒ[33][34]Bß???oœ?
??û@?f?ŸaB?yI?fû@¥Ê?t??ãÚ?irRT-PCRjA??î??úiRMAjœ
Ê?@ô@qIt???î?I·?úiRT-LAMPj??aÅIj_B¹CT¬çL°?fî°Çó
a??öfíx?^ŽõI¢l[35][36]B?h[{ïèAÛÐð?Au??uAºàÊ?AP
uZû@AðÆp¢ŽôIèGÌÊ[4][37][38]BÝö€?ÎÕûã«ÂÈñíLÁn??dI?
?[39][40]B??2019¥óaÅaIRaÅ?š³Ý?ucß?ŸáyóÝe¢Æª?C?±
Æ@?N¹å?ÍucÚ?BåvI¡?û@¥?Ç¡?B¢E?¶??iWHOj°2020N130úéz20
19¥óaÅauî???IË?ö€?¶iPHEICj[41]Có°2020N311ú?Ä??2019¥óaÅ
aßïLå¬sÁª[42]Bü é·ÃÁz019¥?aÅauî¥lÞ©æñ¢EåDÈÒÊ
ÕIÅsë@2020N1CRxaáŽösŸCÀ³isaŽÓèyaöè¹?²?Cö§?
s?¶NÏ?ïâiV×usŸŽöxv[44]B18úC`Áœ{q¶ŽœŒ×gdV^Bõ«a
ŽéÄznahiSevere Respiratory Disease associated with a Novel Infectious Agentj [45][46]B?¶Ý
V?ö??Ì?gV^¥?aÅŽõh[47]C@üÌ?aÅah[48]BàSåÁÊsœ{«ŽœŒ?
gV^¥?aÅŽõh[49]B113úCØl¯€a Æq¶NÏõðíaÅøá¢IaÇâi×gV^
¥óaÅŽõIxh[50]B27úCØl¯€q¶NÏõð?oIÊmÈyúºß?l¯
€a?@?h?T÷§¢??zïãCézV^¥óaÅŽõIx?œŒ?gV^¥óaÅxhiNov
el Coronavirus PneumoniajC?ÌgV¥xhiNCPj221úC?l¯€aÆ?¶NÏ?oÊm
C«p¶ŒÌC??gCOVID-19hC^¢E?¶??ÛêvC¶ŒÌÛs?[52]B115úCد q¶
ŸaǧŽâi×gdÁêBõ«xhiSevere Pneumonia with Novel Pathogensj[53]Cóè?
âi?u¿xv[9]B211úC¢Eq¶gD³®ézŸaèŒ×u2019¥óaÅaviCoronavirus disea
se 2019CCOVID-19jC\ŠÝèŒ?ÝŒâigpgùs?ynÊuA?šA¢lœlQCeÕ?¹C
ó^?Ÿa?IŒÌhCÈðÆ¢¬ŽŒÂ\sy?Iœ?Œ»IŒÌIâè[15][54][55]BÇóåðÚF2
1%j[61]B圳ÒI\?ÈÞ¬ŽÇ??åB??¥2019¥óaÅaÅí?IÇó[24]CÂ\¥?œá?[
24]C圳ÒsïÝ^ê?io???[24]B圳ÒçLPuÇóCÂ\¥±Pœrá«Pu[24]B
Ží??°\?ïæ?AlRÍAÄz}£A@ÇA§÷a??áuÉAŬA¬@
APAPá[24]
[2][62][63]Bå?40%I³Òo?k??ž^¡??žCœ?³íIk?œ¡?\Í?¶ŽŒ±?[64][25]C?
ÇóêÊo?ÝŸaú[64]BªçjdzÒÙx\?C?\??á?A?÷RÍ[65]BdÇ?ïÄ
z¢ïA㫹ÉAÓ¯¬ªA?s¢ïœÊOá¢üK[2]BŽŒÇó???C@H~sUA ?œ?SÝ
?a[2][66]CÈyôAÉA?ÉAá¿?ŽŒÇó[24][2]Bdó?ÇïÜ}«ÄzâzÇóQiARDSj[67]A ÏØç¥á¢WZ¶SqÅDIßïBMega BrandsIsç÷ã`ÄAndrew WitkiniÒ€ÆúñiInvestor's Business DailyjFuÏØLè
ኲCúÁÉ{yÈ{Im¯CçæšZ¶Ln¢ÍBv[7][ìA±y
ÝZ¶á¢WãçLÞI÷\CæšZ¶ÂÈpªäIygé{K
óÔIèWAöÊèWCÈyœŽŒIZ\BZ¶úßïsͯDüFAD?ºCÝålI¢E¡ßïç¥sÂœãIBßïÝ?Ö
ú\?á¢wqIzÍAn¢ÍCeís¯IßïÝvLs¯I{K÷pC¥:qÍVEAèÀ?AûÕCs¥PûåäILçŽS«Ivl
C¥:
ÞA[ìÞCs\á¢WqÍAé\A?ÙeûÊIá¢WBßïs~¥Z¶IålßïçîLàÕCßï\ºAXããål
IÏ»AvCßïç¥ål¢E¡IDèšADºB¥ÝÌ?`?œâBÁ^±€¯ÁFIlQC?ª?ÂȪOÝÁªi@
?FAéFAÊé??jAîöAÈy©ä?¯??yBlí?êTOÈy?°IïÌ?ªs¥ïL?«I??CŽÝs¯I?
ãas¯I¶»sL·?C?°ITOç???@Ðï?¯ŽÈy¯°å?ŒäáfBl?s®°¶šª?wCÝqlȺvL?
l?I¶šª?B[1][2]20¢?ÈOCÈwÆÕ??Cl?ª?á±¢{?å?û®?iŠÈsÂãIÁª?ªIjlíC@òi?l
?iìTûfñFljAÁõl?iŒ^±ljAÖÃl?i^±ljAàSå±lí±aüfòŒ±ŽZ¯jBA©1940NãNC
»ÈwÆ?n¿???B?OC?°?úÈð?ê?Èwª?CŠ«?ꢪ?I?C@«?°¯°??GA1960NãN
CQÌ??w€Vo?IÈyÍ^çgê±ÈwÆ?n?^??ÈQÌipopulationjAÁª?iclineCæ¡uQÌQvœu
¶ÔQvjŽŒTO€l?àI·?B1990NãÈCîöÌwÈ?w€Vo?IaÍ^çgÈwE?l?N¹L
¹VI??Cgê±ÈwÆ?§p¢n§ñÁªè??°I?ªCó???°??ð?ÍÐWC??QÌCœö?I¯°[3][4]B
L?œ»wÆÈyÐïwÆ??Cî°ßNI¶šw€?ÊCCœ?°l??°Iè?CsãRÈwª?I??«a³?«GlíI
è?¥sy?IAÓIA¡»Ia?è¬IC¶»?pI·?§?»C?°?Ðï?[5]BAçLŽŒÈwÆ[?H]??
ClíTOóñ|ÙªClíTOaœÊ_îöV?I?L??C§???Plí÷Cåv?¡Žö§ñÈw[Ò¹¿]B
ÚOCe¢wÈ?°lí¥Y?C¥Û¶ÝCêL{¢C??@œè?C@œðC?C®Ùè?œ€?BR°l?I¬?¡??
?ŽŒ¬?O?CŽàQÌ?n?Ž??Cö©jO?ãÈCl?AÂTOLêèI?maðCAe¢¶»?°líI
ðss¯BÅ???°I¶wìiC?úyIsn?V?tCŽ«ylhAg?FlhAgä?lhagwä?lhl?CÂ
Åo?¢ª?Z¹líAg¯°hAgÆhTOB@IA??¶»ä?°ÈO??ªIg¯°hI?m??iDikott
er 1992GGoldenberg 2003jB§lÝÃã¥???ÄalÎIls©éIq?Bs?Ãã@ç\???lCê
ÊÌŽ?g©ÑlhC©È@ç??¹üK?lBó?A??A¶»?O?síçLêèI??C¯?ç?vŽÃ㶣i@
IsRC?tjo??œÝy?nû¶ÝIï??°I`ÊB¯?çLê±??ìÆ???°IÁª¥RZ?«rèIiIsaac 2004jB
AÝ?œÃ㶟CO\s¯Il¹RÂÈÊ?Ñ?ÝÐïI¶y§¬??Ðï®SIê?iSnowden 1983GLewis 1990jBÃãà¹
ŸlÈy¢F¢?ªs??t??l?¥??Oq?AÜÈyë€
ROF?¬CŽ?°??FlCÜ°?ñFlC뀰
¢FlBß?ã?°?°Ið¥¢Fnå???ãI?šiSmedley 1999jB¢FlÝTõ¢EI?öCÚG¹¢EenI?œ¯
°C?°?±¯°V?O\ãIAs?ãIAÈy¶»ãI·??¶¹?œàÈzB¯?R°ñFzè®?Õg¢FlIz讹??nR¢
FA???¬ñFC¢Fçö?¶¹«l?ª?I?ÍCÈì?zðósÒñFlIRiMeltzer 1993jBÊ?Ø?ó???I¶£
Èy?¢FàI?nCá@pi?l^???lV?IsaiTakaki 1993jC¢Fl?n«©ÈÈyŽŒ¯°?ª?O\As?A\Í
FLª?IQÌCócÂÈ??IO\ÁªaàÝIqÍAs?Ar¹úº
œÝ?niBanton 1977jB?RŽŒ¶»çLI?_iLew
is 1990GDikotter 1992jCA¥???_?ne?ÐïI?¢Cåv¥Ý¢FyŽB¯n?nIB??Ilí?ªl?n?C?°19¢?80Nã.
üFŽZ¯??°?ªIÅIÈw«???¶°17¢?Cß³?¢Féå?aB¯å?Hu?WI?úBÅoÅIE???ó?
??Il??ª@¥€Nõ¢ EL¢òºiFrancois BernierjINouvelle division de la terre par les differents especes ou races qui
isî°n
ãZIs¯Iš?œ?°IVIn
?ª@tjC°1684NoÅB Ûû¥ŽêíBÒäolÉÂÈ¥êlCñlCrœlB?sûA?ûF¥?í?IÅ€VEBãVEpÒ`qüùMaóÖÂ
ßÙIVECïäûAÉàÕA?á`äàÈiPictionaryjaUVEBvVEåðÚF?ÐVEŒ?ÐVEœ?vVECA`ã¥gp
?ÐivjÒisVEIã`âiBàÃ`㥥wgpovIVEBQéVEåðÚF£éVEâiWéVECÒäoIlÉK{œOÂBíVEÂ
×êíé{KI®C?£õnVE¹ð©ÈC{KlÛèWZIÈy@œæš£à^ìBÒÁÒyœåÒÂ\×ê±£éC@³ð
AVta{¶BRÒÁÒÂ\kœCÈÊíùvråIóÔÒisVEC@âX°œ{ZêB?qà?åðÚF?qà??à?A?
?à?y¶æ^VE@BŽÁF×K{gpÜLèûŠ IdqÝõìVECÒÅVE@BpF¯VEåðÚFpF¯VECßÆ
¯[¢EIêÂœÒôÂàõpFÝÁèêiºisVEBpFªs¯IVEîßavÉiá@¶œAÍÊAèËqxAq
ÍjïLs¯I\ÍC§±¢«ðªVEK¥ôäIüÌBŽCpF¯VEª×?ãpF¯VEA?qpF¯à?äo
Õê®ÔpF¯à?Bvq?à?À?à?CœÒvq?à?AqÍ?à?A??à??à?vßÆ?p©ÈIðrà?I
??,È?à???IÚIBÅVI€?à?ÊíYÁ?ìvfCgŸvq?à?ÂÈÊ?à?Iû®??à?ÒI?èAáI??«CL
êè?qÍC?úv?IÁÊBœlÝ??l?Z?à?åðÚFœlÝ??l?Z?à??Ì?moba?à?CN¹?PIIIF¬V
¡"Iꢩôs?çÛ??tip?FDefense of the AncientsjIÍ®CöŽu§?Ià?Ç?^œ³Ià?öf§?ó?}B??à?œ
Ê?^?FìÈ???????IÚIBOä?mŒImoba?à?LpY?¿CDotAå?I¬wðpeíÂÈQIŒÒß?C
á@ŒÊœ¥ÎªBßïÝjO?ãAßo?BÝlÃHìCl????ã\w¶C?šamºIßôaÍHïI¬ßïB[1]B
ÝóxÍJ¶ŸL?@¬ÔA`?Þ¹I£qCðnãqãºÒIßïàË[2]BÅIßï¥p©IŒì¬C¥ÎªA
qySyBÉçNOúyI¬wßI¡¡Lïéy®IlC¥RΪAتyλ¬[3]ÝÃóäcyÃ
nC¬wßp?œ¥©
RaTG13¥Ý???nãÅßIB?RBD?Æ?I?»???ŠCSARS-CoV-2ÝÚGlQOC???œS`d?CMP789ARaTG13úRby
ååaÅ^SARS-CoV-2Ý?ûÊïLŧØI?öxB[46][86]R°RNAË?IRdRpîön?ªÍ{?s¯IaÅ`¬¹s¯I?QC®¢?
ès¯aÅI?»Haad??öBÝ2020NIuîC?©s¯næISARS-CoV-2aÅŪÍ?ŠoÊI¯?yñ¯?Ë?BŽIORF8
AORF1aaORF9Iñ¯?Ë?ŠÅCïS`ÝàIŽŒîö??ÛçB[84]Ýóxnæ?dIaÅ?{?ŠCÊ_®°aÅIRBDBê?
€??CÝSARS-CoV-2IR408Ê_IË?gŸž?
???`
C?^?aÅ^hACE2I?aÍLe?B[84]A?©s¯?»}IÅ?sI?
¢ìI¡¡CçßqA|ûy
BácóäcI¬wiÁÊ¥¬wj·åCíð¬óIßïòàÙ_ŸBác?ìñÝ\l?¥C
Ý¥âXI?ãð¡¡òàÙÝ_aCì׬NâX[4][5]BÅßmIévqVEÒ©óäcCñÝö³OO¢IC¥êÂÂȪ×\lÐI³
û`CÚI¥p\lÐ?os¯I€ÄBÉNIuvqœvÝ\µ¢IAL¹BÖãç¬?ÖãZ¶ÔxIüÌCßïçÌIXA
BZ¶sÄüí×¥ÆëILC§í×¥àÕ§IÂéCLÜóŒìI¶NB\ª¢I»¢ßïIÉÊyíÞsãúÁBñËEjç
¢zz¢×¹?Z¶{KnCÝ1767Nᢟ¹æêÂ?€CŒì¹ªÂnœI?€F¢EA^FA±FAñFAüFApiAТzA€¢
yhiB???ñݯêúÝp o»CÞŽácILèAlF×Ý^³RnIœtŽL?ñ\¢IN¥ßïá¢W?àNãC
Œû¢EIÛHQQñCŠg¥êÊIÆëçL\Íwßï¬wC§ž§Höyåʶ?IHÆZpgŸßïIÂÈ?ãú
vúÁIùBqdI²çgŸ®SyõÙI¶NXÁdvCöןZ¶úãIá¢WL?Bp á`ÆÐõEûÁÝ1897Nᢟ¹Éç
DCÝ1900Ê?CJn¬×Z¶ßïIÞ¿B€?Eè·¶äßïIá¢Wy»¢kL©CËñ\¢IIHöÍwᢟy»¢ácŬsI
OíßïFMeccanoAè·¶äècHyDinky ToysÍ^DÔBÝX¶?WIìpßïaß?{gê?C?la?šsL?œp?B?ݳçI
¯?ñ?ïB ßïñ?m\Ías?\ÍC?ç?wqÝgS㶬V@¶ùIZ\BÝÅÈdIßïCêgÈdIت
ÏØç¥á¢WZ¶SqÅDIßïBMega BrandsIsç÷ã`ÄAndrew WitkiniÒ€ÆúñiInvestor's Business DailyjFuÏØLè ŽÌ¯ÌѪdCðŽ¶æÁœ ®±ŠéÌͳñÜÌO^EÅdöÅÍȚ΢X^[Ÿ ¥¢g???æZ?lC?aæñoCÎû1969N1114úžÅ?¢?BmòçqV
SN?Bwß?çÁENfúº^o????ä?E?Ý\â¯êV뵬?Cwß????
?úºE÷?o¯Ý
?¹B
ªŽ??C@Ê¢g?11ož?C¢g?12Av®¬l?ñoBò?E¢GzÁN¥ã
@C¢g?12@?¢CŽŒ¢g?C?I??\ç?®ŸXÁ[TB¢g?12?ËOCp
°n???I??X[«CNfúº^?Ýy?ú?œ?Wn??nl@B¢g?12IŸóD^?
ËÎûa¢g?11î{¯C?ûÖNfúº^?Ý\x§úÁÝ°B
?ËV?J??C¢g?12N?@?ãö????v?\ÌáCKvL¢¬Y???B
?ÌáÝØ???¹@ðrCžž???Ò~C?CÈO{
V·î{v??B1119ú
CNfúº^?Ý\ž?
?C1967N420ú
?IªÊõ3åjT?í??s?Bž?
?\Ÿq
óqVÇ¢ÂÈ?ÛFq?ÝXïÈ€Á?In_~BNfúºa?g?ïÜåÊj\Èw?íI
\??ïC?Lñ¢g?C??ã
IÊF????CA?sT«???ãŸ?±v?
Žíí?C??Ù@HìB?læñ
??O?Å?Ê?3Có]º?ñn
B
gÙØho?1120úž\N?ó?Úwß?C@Ôñn
C¢g?12C?1124úqVí
àd쟜m?©
g?12OŒFq?ÏogC?CC??n?wß?çÁENfúº39?C1953N?Ñz?åwqVHöw
mwÊ@ãC??s?CÝ??XÍC?qóâüC????wZ??BNfúº1962Nü?æñ?Fq
?C1965NoqÀ5?ãŸóC1966NCoqÀ11wß?Bwß?????úºE÷?o40?C¯?Ý1
953NãC??s?C\?Ø·Úå{»wwÊóÝ??XÍC?qóâ???wZ??B1963Nü?æ
O?Fq?@C÷?o\^NfúºêN?soqÀ11C?B[6][7]
¢g?12Žèo????¢v?EÐõGz1967N10??IT-38³?÷ÝfqŒ?÷CÐõGz
??¶[8]BNfúº\ÅZç±?Ý???wZC³?Iw?ä?E?ÁüCqóqVÇ?sC?¬??öºå
CçEz?\Š?Z°¢g??p??Ù@Q^BNfúºÝÐõGzo@Äxño??ÁüCz??
°¯Ó[9]B?ç¥C??s?C1955Nžúº?zåw??ó?qóHöwÊC1963N^÷?oê¯ü?æO
?Fq?C¢g?12ñ?ãŸó?37?[6][10]BOŒFq?1969N?\¥¢g?9Ö???[11]B
¢g?12Ö???ª?¥wß?å?EzÈÁAwß????¢?€úºE?oAo????û¥GzEä?
¶COl@¢g?15o[12]B
¯aoqÀ??ú?C?ŸóC?sïåvaÖ???l?BA¢g
?9wß?û¥GzEç?Á??e?l?ùSüen?{??CÂ\??ï?Cz?°¥?¢g??
?úÁlÌx?ÞIæO?l?Bxl?Âwß?vñ?C[13]åœ???óC??®óy?X
C???Aòsvca??Ž?[14][15]B¢g?12Ixl?úºE??A?úº?EgzXAÛ?E??[16]C
?sw?¥^f?úºEi¢äiæêÇjAçÁE€?iæñÇjAúºE??zviæOÇjAÄ??E·úºèÓi
ælÇj[17]B¢g????sw?IC?üLêå?FgÑæCœKv[{?Û©?ÀSaC?¬÷h[18]BqV
íÊ??ª?¥zÈÁA?oAä?¶A??AgzXA??AEÑúº[19]By?§?
?_
¢g?12§?
?_I?öó¢g?11e?kåB¢g?11I???«?i?yCK?èÏß
¹Cs\Ýn
Â?I\ÈOCÊ?vä?œRCsï?o?~yN??¬dåáVBäVºCÈ€Á?
s®?æl??ÚBqóqVÇp
O¹vá`ÙlT?íº\ªŠÆÐCÈQz
?_B@ÊC
??œú³?vŽèÊuõ?ŸºCs?\ì?C¢g?11?ÂÈ??Œ?
?_B?ËêUæÁAù
OVdVC?v¢g?11Ü¢Žè
?_üLO¢?CÅ@?èIÃCÅèÏ?B@Ê¢g?11C?ž
?C¢g?12A¥ñoCÈ??Fq?s??¯n_
???B[20]
¢g?11oã
@CqóqVÇ??¢g?12ÝÃCŒ?Iàs
?CA????^EÇ??^xz??
lqVSHö?å?sÊèÏß1967NªÊõ3åjT?í
?`¬I?ÎBCÈÖFq?]?ñn
B?¢?
?§LÈ€Á?CA¢g?11Î?
?_??CªÇg?12çï@CFq?sT?í
ßCßqóqVÇ?l?áB¢¢g?C?IT???@ʬsCž?
??dvCÈÝ?¢?¬Ï?ï¬
?êvœ?ºC¢g??ÚåÇÇ??EäÉz¹°1969N725úwè
?_C@Ìg?Ê??ÎBh
?Ê¢g?12Fq??C???ãç¬?C????¥??C???Ü{Èã[23]BNfúº^???ïÌC?I|
????Ž¢g?11Fq?ò?E¢GzÁNab?E?úºÑ[24]C?lg?¢g?9Ö???ú??\??1500
¬?B¢g?12?ŒFq?Ýwß?^o?Í?í??lSœ¬?CªÍ?^C?T§S?sT§l?a?
????ÚBNfúº???o??o???síC[23]¢GzÁN1968N??¯????öÌCKÝ??O Š¶CAqóqVÇ?¥??Àr?????[25]B@Ê¢g?11ž?C¢g?12??Ý1969N9?ËB¢GzÁ
Noã
@C¢g?12?11CŽŒ¢g?C?I??\ç?®ŸXÁ[TB[26]Nfúº??SC¢g?12
wß?@svA^qóqVÇn?wÆ?ÊCÌVC?I\??????Ž¢g?11Cü¥sïL}Ìé?a
Q^BŒ?ŸoqÀC?ú?}ÌsLÌÊC¢g?11BêIn??nl@{ÁêÙ¬CÝ?IåÊ}ÌL
±ŒÚWVC?C?⌡÷?vFq?ª{ßsÞI?B1969N7¢g?11?ùC¢g?12C?In?
???úœCA¢GzÁNl÷¬gÞçÓ¡
Nfúºêsùd_?Í?í??B¢g?12Fq?€Z?W
n??nl@Í?\ì?CŸW?ÂóÈÆÐ??C¯?^ß?âÉ¢IqVíÊ??an?wÆð¬C?l@?
ÄFq?ŸW?{aÆI\?BÈ€l?œ??®Æ??öCßFq??Ž??C@œ?lÜ@Nfúº?°
©âB[27]¢g?11?@CNfúºl?Åâ?{óßæÈ€l?î?[¢g?11|Ý?Q??`ææoCv
L?è
?_CwèC?ÝFq?????IÊu®¬CvLn?š???BqóqVÇn?È€?ªl?Ý¢g?
12C?O^NfúºêsïëCñoRŒ??wß?ao??????H?Bn??Å@ªl¢öÝ
?_??l
ðH?C??¡@¢g?C?In?¬TC???źî?CR?œ÷?€¯Q^ó®¬åÊHìB[29]
o?LM-6e°1969N324ú?mòçqVSC428ú®¬?B328úwß?CM-108^??SM-10
8ï?C421úDBÀ??ó®¬e???@C?[?LŸóDI?ËÎû°98úf39A?ËäB[30]??ü
úÂ??Ý111ú®¬C@I??p°·ÌmVBNfúºês???±??®Ì§Ÿ?oC?y?ñí[ª
^¢g?11äCVC?Iy¯5??ÎûSA-507î{s?[32]BVÎûI?í?Ê?1365Cä¢g?11
17[33]BÎûaŸóD?Ë?€d2942790öÒCŽ¢g?114475öÒBŸóDd49915öÒCä¢g?11œ180öÒB[34]
ÎûæO?S-IVB??Ýo?ª?@eüŸ??¹C??í_Îóp
dÍæO?Îû?üŸ??¹BAö
?Z??CS-IVB??
?ÊuŸCÙ@?n
Ší¬xBæO?ÎûÝŒ?èIn
?¹êŒâ¯1971NE?C31
N@Z?ñ?n
?¹B?]V¶wÆkõF??@?ŽœŒJ002E3CA@?è?¥l¢šÌB2021N¢g?12æO
Îû?ün
?¹Cºên
øÍß?v21¢?40NãB[35][36]@oC?IæO?Îûp°³?ÊC°
pßm?Êa¬xIšÌ³?
ßmûÊC³??öÂp°ZyFq?¯Ý\Ink?Cñ
??[37]B
1969N630úC¢g?12?^wß???¢g?12ŸóDïÜ108wß?A108??i?Ò?¬108?^wß
?C?ÌCSM-108jA6o?A?ËŠ¶n?AqVí^o??Ú?zíSLA-15B?ËŠ¶n?LOäÎû??÷C@Ê
?Ë¡ó?C?~Aï«wß?ÀSn_BqVí^o??Ú?zíïÜo?Cóñ??p°?Ú??ÎûB[3
0][38]¢g?11IqVí^o??Ú?zí®S¯CAV?ËŠ¶n?I??÷_ÎíXÂèÏ[32]B
?^wß?IÙ??äÄ¥gmîõøhCo?gÙØh[39]BOŒFq?ÏogC?CžqVíå³ï€Hìl?
ñoI¬çã¢??¢?o?¢CÏ^Cm?n§Ø[40]B?^wß?³€küqóI?s??Hö??¡Eifmñ
?gmîõøhCæÓg¯?Y?nÝöCqsC[?VüI©^Ð]hBo?¢€i??öiô??ÁE?Áñ
ogÙØhCÓÝ?gÆ??TõŸóI?èrSCËoFq?I??sUahêÏ?hB[41]g?11^12I?^wß
?Ao?·?k¬[32]C¢g?11wß??
÷I?ª?íÁÊsÀC¢g?12üÝ?
OCh~Ì?ü?
[4
2]CÈÆFq?Ä¢GzÁNlê??Ý?d?[43]BñŸ???Á?CŸóD?@IñŸö?»CÙùÁ??[
42]Bo???÷?CûÖFq?cÈw??ï?\[44]BVúÝ°Ö°Fq?Ý\x§C¢g?11gpIüK
????RÊFæã[45]B¢g?Ê??u¢g?12í?nk??¢g?Ê??u¥Èw?í
C??RFq
?Ý\@©??ìCün
?[46]BÈwEªlmœ??loC??÷í??TõXÁ??BqóqVÇ???
¢g?Ê??uC?Ÿ?íC?ùvlHìB[47]1966NC{çzöi柢g?Ê??u??^§¢?[
48]B¢g?11Fq?Ý\â¯I??sœCz??u?CÌ?ú¢g?Ê??uBVC?ñg?®®I¢g
Nfúº??SC¢g?12wß?@svA^qóqVÇn?wÆ?ÊCÌVC?I\?L±ŒÚWVC?C?⌡÷?vFq?ª{ßsÞI?B1969N7¢g?11?ùC?In??Ê??uC@?oC?sLCAàesê[46]Bo?ž\N?CcFq?ñ??¹?ïN?yye???
C?ðÆ?íó?C¢g?Ê??uvÝ90ÄO[ Nfúº^?g?I¢g?Ê??u???œB\¥??p°?Ê\¥?G
åT?íÌâ????^ó?C
p°?Ê
HåI§xA·xyŽ?»G
???T?íÌ??±q
?«T?íC|Ý€
åÜ?
?±qGŸ??ªõ?p°?Ê\Ÿ???xa?üGƧ®Ÿ??¬ªT?í??ÝFq?@ªÍŸ???¬C
@?ñn
B[50]D?T?íp°?Ê?í\ÊÝ?I
?º[51]C¢g?12í?nk?p°?ÊkyŽŒ
n?
?C¢g?12o?ã¡ieP@???nk?ßC°ßm?Êa¬xšÌ³?
ßmûÊC??t?Í
°ê?TNTày?ày[52]B¢g?12¯Ê??u^ïÜ?ËíAÚŸíAè?íA?íAz?^??T§??
Iâ?[53]BüŽq\Ï?ï??IúË«¯ÊfMd@Aj??Ín?SNAP-27??????B?÷p?ìR
¿C?ç¥qóqVÇ?lqVíñgpŽq\COüLqóqVÇ?¯a?p?¯p????B?júÝo?
?
ËáŽàCáŽq??Áê??C@ÊC?~?\ÏóÄül?cjŽ¿?ñn
Cüs?qóqVÇ?Ÿ¢g?12C?
??sÂ\~B[54]¢g?13?¶Ìá@C·ú?jIáŽq?Ê?Äüó?üŸœm?ÁC?C§vL???ËI[55]B
1969N1119úC¢g?12IÊ??užn
??[56]CA
åT?íI?kõ?¶ÌáC??oÊÂp[57]
B\¥??^¢g?15I¯???ÏÝ1974N614úâpCL?³íI¢g?Ê??u??ì1977N9
30ú[56]C?ZÀ§¥??åö[46]BC???1969N1114úC¢g?12žmòçqVS?Ë?Ë¢g?12¥ü??ñ
???lqVí?Ë[58]C?úºEòŒ??^zE¢i???oÈ[59]CÎûÂ1969N1114ú11_22ª????žm
òçqVSN?BO¬?lª?I?Ëâxûž?nC\?ÛqVíÝÅÀÆŸðºï?
?è
?_[60][61]BVó?
J??CÎûàŠ¡ú??¬??¬?280.9ö¢C䎌¢g?C?s[62]BqqVÇ\?èÎûs?©?J]?ËCAHìl
?@?è?ËÎûž¢tü?J]Cãq??æÁ[63]B@ÊC??C¢g?12v?1116ú?ËCÝ???Ê?
3I@?n_
?B?°¢g?11?ùßqóqVÇoI???Íå?CVC?çÂ\2ÈÖÛÝ?Ê??Î
BÓ
?B[64]_Î36.5b@Îûö©gŽöö?CÃ?ú?ß??u?CO¢R¿?rSCŸóD?SèÏ?r?
C§?¬?xÙ@?«ùBÎû¡ó52bÄö?Cgª
hp?wø?žÁBC?T§ª¬CAy¯Ü?
s³íC?R??vLe?¯?^wß?ƧIÎû?qn?BFq?ÅÓO?FŠxÂaxŠ??CAÙž»
fïÌîvB[65][66][67]?³ÝC?T§SI?A?«^ÕÞåÇ?ËE??zN??y?ÌáC?f??v
s®?æl??ÚBqóqVÇp
O¹vá`ÙlT?íº\ªŠÆÐCÈQ_B@ÊC??œú³?vŽè
Êuõ?ŸºCs?\ì?C¢g?11?ÂÈ??Œ?
?_B?ËêUæÁAùOVdVC?v¢g?11Ü¢Žè
?_üLO
?^wß?M???q??ÌáCÙ@c?íŽnM??¬C?T§ST§ä\?ŠICŒ??ŸÌáIðr?@[66
][68]B??Âv«M???q??üp@??¹CØ?????â?C?sw?i¢äAqVíÊ????Awß?Nfúº
ssm¹ÝY?ÊuA?Y?Í?CüLg?o????aqVíHö?I?m¹óÂ??vìCy?Šø?C\ŸvL
dåÌáB?ñR¿?rCC???Bn
??¹@CFq?e???ŸóDC@O?ÎûS-IVBÄx_Î?
nn?ÚC??Ÿ??vL¢¬Ù@C?I?d??[71]BqóqVÇêxSS???vÅ?wß?~??Iàyð?
C@Ê^@Cß?Ù?¥?ãÝn
?¹~C?C?¥??oŒÔñCNfúºêss¶?Ù]CC?T§Srè??[72
]BKqVí?Ÿœm?~?êسí?°??CÎûâÝn
?¹?Fq?In???Á?¬SBC??n?¬?47ª
22.8b@S-IVBO?Îû_Î?nn?ÚCŸóD?ü
Bê¬?ñ\ª@C?^wß?¯O?Îûª?C÷?o@«?Ì
ÊC?Úo?óÚoC®®I¢g?ŸóD^ÎûSʪ?CO?Îû@?üŸ??¹B[74][75]¢g?11Ý?i??
???íCߟóD??ÎûC¢g?12ü¬Îû??÷_Î??ŸóD[76]BNfúº^?C?æêVAñO?üo???C
?Û?vL?d??e?÷\CKêسíBN?30¬?52ª44.36b@CFq??sn?Úú?K?IBêêrZ³Cß
qVí?üs©RÔñn
I¬?¹BOI?loC?Ñp©RÔñ?¹C@ÊqVí??÷¢\Âù_Î?ü??¹
A\ûÖÔñn
B¢g?12¥æêËÑpñ©RÔñ¬?¹I?lqVíCÔñn
OùvÄ_ÎêC@Ê??
?n?žÁ?\po?º~i?n??¬BÑp???¹\X?n??C?Cá@¢g?12A\ÝV?ËóÂ?ï??
?
?_B[77]OCÑpñ©RÔñ¬?¹çÓ¡
¢g?12žn?Ú?¹?ü??¹IÕ??ª¬? C??n83¬?25ª26.36b@C¢g?12??n?_Î352.25bCcŸóD?ü315.2ö¢©114.2ö¢I
??¹B?æêI??M?ñ?Ê\??CæO?qVí_ÎCß?¹?¬122ö¢©
ö¢Cæl?Äx_Îy?oBÎûN?107¬?54ª2.3b@?^wß?¯o?E?CŒ¬?@?^
wß?_Îf??B[79]?^wß?ª?í_Î14.4bC^o??f4.1ö¢Co??_Î?
üºû?¹y?o[80]BC??n109¬?23ª39.9b@Co?º~i?í_ÎóÛ29b~á?¹C
@I?Í~\Õ?717bCžÎû¡ó110¬?20ª38.1b@?n[79]BO??\Ÿo?Âö?ü?N
fúº??\Å?œ?ÎB?¬Igálh?ÄC?Ê??ÎBÝ?BNfúºSSÅsCœ«È?IšÌC
?ÊÝ?èÊuÅgálh??Ž??C?ç?Ÿo?®S
z??H?BŒÑpè?T§C??Í???
ê?ÝqóqVÇ?ÌgçÁâ??hI?Ê??ÎBß
?BŽè
?_n?ä?úè?CNfúº??÷?
°??¢E?1969N1119ú6_54ª36bAC???110¬?32ª36.2b
?Co??Ê?3?163ÄC[81
][82]Ý?Ê?T?íßž?
?IC?Ú?®¬[83]B
?_ÊÀ3.01239AŒ?23.42157[8
4]B
?ß\»?¬?ü?Ê?3C@?è?I»?XœBFq?ÂÈÅ\Ê?ßT?íæ
¡FC??¬»?tüIªF??óCXÚßT?í{IFC?Ÿ»?@ø?ŽFB[85]
\?NfúºÝO{?Fq?¢gÞÅáâC¥ã\?ŒIæêå?¥FgõGIF?XC???°ò?iE¢G
zÁNj?œ?k¬CA?äß?k??h[86]BNfúº\^?Ò¢?PE@fïÅ?ÜSü³ïÝ\?o?
Ô?C@fïÅ?O\??qóqVÇC¢GzÁNo?I?¥Û¹©?÷?wŠBNfúº@\ŠêŒv\
?ÜSü³B[87]?y?o¢g?11?ã\I¥?F?÷C¢g?12?ñ¡???dæÊi?ü
pÊF?÷B?c?÷?o?ÓIÀÊuCÙÓ?«??ŒÚ©üŸ?C?vñ?q?d?Ç
í?CC?I???d{Á?ã~B[88][89]üøÝ\¡N@CNfúº^?pæê
?I]å
ª??¢g?Ê??u[90]Cú?üö¬??Bj??Íù?R¿³ÝÛ?ž?ZC
Ù@?æoC?Å@ü\p?ÈŒ³BªÊ??uk?CAFq?SB[91]Fq?ño
??Cí?nk?ß\T?r?BNfúº^?pâSÇyŽŒèiÑW?{Bæê?O?€?3¬?56
ª3bB[90]ÎûN?OCqóqVÇ??o?öÝ
?_€??lðH?B¢g?12
?_Ý?¢?èÊ
uV?Cxz?È€l?æáñ
?È@Ix§??c?ðH?Nfúº^?ÂÈž
?_OB[9
2]VH?î{æ?`CFq?Ýæê?O?@?x§13¬?CÄxo??æêâ¥o??91ÄIál
??ÎBB?ï?@??wß?róßßI?ošIo\C?ŸkÊ370ö¢?IFò?`R?oš
ÝnC?³¥È€l???ëÆÐ@ó]QI?ŒBC??©@Cn?wÆpál??ÎB?{?
?èFò?`R¥R?8.1?NOI³?`¬B[93][94]Nfúº^üøFq?ÚºOä??ÎBa
Ä|¢g??ÎBC??õ??ÎB@ï??Ê?OT?í
?I?Ê??ÎBhT?í?|?l
C?lèÏß?Ê?O?k¬SCž??T?íIÊuüBC??Ë??«_?ÅCT?í?èBF
q?æº?Ê?OI????A????Iâ?œ?{B?l?e©Iû?÷L©?è?íC§
?ã\OvLmïC?T§SCÅZ^?Ê?O¢©CAÂÈÆ?èHHïï??{Cª{
Qs÷B[95]Ôño?ßOCNfúº^??O?Ê??ÎBàIz?ÎB[96]Bæñ
?
€?3¬?49ª15bC?ls?1300ÄBNfúºa?Ý??O??Å?o?410ÄC€ŸW33.45öÒ
?{o?ª?@C?T§S?oC?C÷?o¯Ý?^wß?Bwß?ao????
@÷?ooºj?CóÝqVí?ºê?Å\Io?a?Ê?3CcÊu?xz?BNfúº^?
æê?O?ú?C÷?o??È?Ê??÷?_Îü??^wß??¹C??
©?BAwß?ao
???sÝp¯?IÊM?H^xz???C÷?oÙ@y?^nÊÊ?ÌŒ?ŒFq?Ôño?Ë_
ÎB[98]÷??Ûo?ž\N?@\Ý?Êu¯?^wè?ï99]BÆ©??sú?C÷?o
pläû?÷r¬?óC???yo?^îâx??W
œõ??e??B?¢÷I?Fís¯C¯?
?ÆÐ\?Šs¯õ{pI\n`O?CªÍ?±ÆÐÂ\??÷áœÕÊF?ÐÙ@ŽmI?FC
æŸl?såÂ\kõ?IÊuM§B??€n_g?C?öÝ
B[g?12
ÅIúH??¢E?1969N1120ú1425ª47bCC???143?3ª47.78bCgÙØho?ž\N
?C??{?Êu?®ÝO¢Œ¬?@?Ú?^wß?[102]BC???147¬?59ª31.6bCFq?ePo?
ã¡iC?^wß?sv@??Bo??nÊT§_ÎÕs??C?̳?Êu
?_72ö¢B[102]F q?¯Ý\Ink???IU??ꢜ¬?[103]BFq?Ý??¹??¯êV?\ÆÐCŽ
g?C?I??
?_BqVíÝC???159¬?4ª45.47bÄ?Ê??÷?C_ÎóÛ19.25b
B[104]C???172¬?27ª16.81bC?^wß?_Îó?130.32bCgmîõøh?ün?Ú?¹Cr
?Z?_ÎZ³q?BFq?Ýú?Å@ê??ödCñ}Ìñ?B[73]Ônú?x§??[«[105]C
Fq??ºn
Õ?`¬IúHÆÐC??Ÿ?¥C?ú?Ås?I?i¢E?1969N1124ú20_58ªCg
mîõøh?ŸœmCåIt?Íß÷E??O?Boãå©Iqóê?@CFq??üÚ?u
??{Câ?Âa?Ê?3ëæsxz?
š?ñŸañ?Fq??u??BqêâèÏÄÐÎ@
CÚ?u??{µDóÝ1129úó?xz?ßIä??ó?înC@
š?ñŸañ?Fq?
?u??CFq?Œ1210úËðu?B[107][108]C?JÍApollo 12 insignia.pngOŒFq?¢g?12
N??s¥üC?ZCC?JÍœfŒ?IC?ogCåÌ¥ã\gmîõøhwß?I?®¿Dï?
BDãLüøCD@æî
??IÎ?B?ÄOÈ??IàF????CÅO?¥?F??CàF??ãÈ
¯I?F?ÊC?ŒÌgAPOLLO XIIhig¢g?12hjaFq?©B?F^àF³¥üC???FBJÍã€
Ll?P¯CO?ã\Fq?Cæl?ã\°ÌIÐõGzBæl?¯¹°?Iñ?C³¥ŒæãÐõGz
IÊuB[109]OŒFq???JÍ?ŸqóqVdzï€Ù??CãÊ?ŠI\ïÜC???
?_C?
??QlHö??I
?ÆÐB?®¿DQlI?ÐR?ñB[110]e?aqVíÊu¢g?12wß?g
mîõøhÝ€gò?B??€gò?qóqVSWŠC??©@CNfúºÖ£?FêNÁüVó??º?
œì¢g?HöC`àSänæL?ÌŽ?Ÿ?_??C¥ü Ÿóã`ž1961N-1972NžIênñÚlqVC?
C1960NãI10NCåvvÍ°®¬?lo€
aÀSÔñn
IÚ?B1969NC¢g?11F?D?¬¹
ãqÚ?Cò?E¢GzÁN¬?æꢥ«
\ÊIl?B?¹?ê??sÝ
IÈwT?C¢g
v?êŒ
?1970NãúB?€Õ?250?ü³iŒ?°2018NI1530?ü³jB¢g
v?¥ü Ÿóã`?s
I¡?~Å?åI
T?v?Cg¢g
h?DIC?ï??lo?sìy?a???lo?sCß°19
5Ñ?ogV?hI³Ê?ÁCgV?xh?50%CœÏ?ª5.7iÅ10ªj[32]B€?Eb?iFrank BarrowjÝsD??¹tï¶woC{
ÐgÝTOã_Ê\«C§s¯?íh[3]BsV?ú?tiNewsdayjI?àìvEi?ÄziJoseph Gelmisj??Cg?ÐIåvÅ_Ý°C
C?ik[ 9]BŒö?²åâZ¡
§º÷?[ 10]Cíg°€C?©q[Ò 1]hBs¢{t?g_×[ 11][Ò 2]hC€?ªs??En
ut??Cñnª?Ý¡Íì€uaR??¯ìBBm«?gã[W 30298]Â\w_C?Ÿ€l?Œ§L@?B??úI¶£??_À
@CŽqºŸ?ÊCguÎ[12][Ò 2]hBgºŸ²Cqy§[Ò 1]hBy¥?_@??ŒI€°ñ?Cs¢{
72Nê?©B¡i2022Nj40œNÒ?vL?ŽŒI?lqVí???n
?¹B¢g
v???n?Š¹
\ÊÁ«Aš?»w¬?AõwÁ«óT?¹
dÍA¥?AkB@IVó??ºv?aüA???I
¢g
-?¿??v?çgp¹Ž?¢g
¢I??CçA?íí??¥¢g
v?IêªBg
v?柹
åI¬÷CÒv?çL?{?dIë÷Cï¢g
1åj???Iå΢¬?g?Ei¢XA?úº?E?Áa?^E
?äÉISG¢g
13åjI?ã£àyÈy¢g
-?¿??v?Ôñå??rúILÅÌs{Ág?sC?I
?C????ÅL]dÔŸóB?Úó?NfúºCwß?Iæê?lC?Vóéº2åj?üó?âC@
ãVó??º3wß?B[111]ó]¥ã
I÷?o¯Ý¢g???C@C¢g?15Ö?wß?B@Ê¢g?
18C?vLæÁCŒkÂ\Cwß?BA^Ã?C÷?oÄçvL?ãŸóB[112]¢g?12wß?gmîõ
øhÝ€gò?B??€gò?qóqVSWŠ[113]BC?T§S?ö_ΟóDePI??Có]?
Ìz?å??ü?n_?¹CAÇçHs«È???ÊCÄ???kÂ\Ýwß?Äü?Aíå?
?[114]BS-IVBO?Îû?ÝŸ??¹Cô?ón
e?[115]BgÙØho?ã¡i°??¢E?1969N112
0ú2217ª17.7b³?
C³?_Ê°3.94S 21.20W[116]B
š??¹?sí2009Nº¢g?12
?_ÆÐCÂÈÅo?º~iA¢g?Ê??uA?Ê?3T?íCrFq?Iró[117]B2011NC
??Ý?êÚóÑ??ÌCŒ?kì???eê???³¥LÓübóIìivhBbóÝÚó¥A???I?eªäIÓ?Ž
š??¹?síÈXáI?sxÄx??¢g?12
?_CºªŠXIÆÐFq??œB ¢g
v?°1960NúÝäXÐ???íñoCì?
¯??I@???B
¯??gpIqVíü\?ün
?¹Cü\?êŒFq?C§?zI¢g?qVís?\?OŒFq?Cç??ÂÈoBü Ÿóã`?¢EŒ?€zRiAbe Silversteinj???Èó?_?IŸ?_œŒ??C@ñ?¥Œ?©ÈIXq?¯IŒ[1]B?RqóqVÇß??n?s??CAäXÐ??qV??Áós?CöŒ?óvLŸ«?I???s¢g???[2]B
1962N912úCü???ËEÃççÝzåw?\?°Ÿó??I?B
1960N11C???³?vgüÝŸóTõa??häãSÊŽ???I?ËEmòç???B?R?Ÿó?????CŒÝ???@óvL§rè?no??CrÒÅZ?{ê±ÔïåAññáIvá`Bmòç?qV?ós\ª¹ðCŸóTõùvIåÊ?àçgŒsž?ÕôorèB[3]qóqVÇÇ?û¥GzE?vNx??ZúÁSªVO\?CmòçxÁõ?Wå?Í?íI€?CpvLxŽŒXåI?Ú[4]B
1961N412úC??Fq?Þ¢EÁÁѬ?¹ñ?üŸóIl?CÁ[¹ü?ÝŸó??@I°BúCÝ^?ÈwÏ?ïIï?C?œ??ó]\?§?nê?Ÿó??ÈÛ?Ý^??I??s°@Ÿœ[5]Bmòç?p???TCsÃÓ§?sCœdå?[B[6]420úCmòç???ÑoE?Ë???Y?C??Œ?°üŸó??IÓ?CÈyüÇû°??IÂ\«[7]BÝúIñ?C?Ë???gä?ùvLsÅåwÍCçvL??üÛ?æIöx[8][9]Bh?Ë??ñ¢oI??s?ÂsCç??ÂÈgüÝŸó???Ÿ?ænÊ[9]B
1961N525úCmòç??Ýïã?\l?o??I?1961N525úCmòçÝQA??@Á?ï?ézx¢g???F
cäM?¢¯°\??ãÚêSSÍÈ?¬?¢Ú?CŠÝ1970NÈOCl?«©¿F?Do?
óÀSÔñBvLCœê¢Ÿó?Ú\?Žz?l?Ie?CŽz?F?öó?TõIdåìpCçvLꢟó?Ú??@¢?§Ô?@V?cc[10][11] h
mòç?\?i?Oê¢Cü??«æê¢Fq?üŸóC?vL?ün
?¹B??sÇÊgê±qóqVÇIHìl??o??iAB¬³øãjós\ª??[12]B
??C?Í®ŒÚN?œÒn
?¹WI?z?Ýo¬?åvÚ?@C¢g???IrôÒ??nÊ?@œË\sÂ\ÀSA??A??n«Fq?ã
B\Ll¢ûÄíl?F
ŒÚN?F??ñoRê¢åIV¯Îûg?êäzqVíCŒÚ?
GÎûÝ
~CC?®¬@ÄN?C?ñn
B
n
?¹WF??ùv?äzüLy¯5êŒå¬I¬^Îû«oqVíIs¯ªün
?¹CWó?ÚB®¢qVí~Ý
\ÊBR°?Ý?¹WœäzqVíI???Cn
?¹?qVí¥ÛÂs祢mCÈ??¢íÑ?B
\ÊWF??ùv?äzqVíí?ËFêäz©?qVíg??n?CæúoG?lqVí?±?ËB?n?Ý
\ÊíÚ?lqVíãCR@Ôñn
B
?¹WF ?¢ûÄR?ËECEè·?ÁI??ñoB??ûÄ¥êäz?åIqVíCÌ?wö/??Cg?êäz?Fq?IoqVíCÌ?o?Bwö/??g?žn
óÔñIR¿a¶KùiCÈy?ün
å?ùvIu?ÂB?ü
?¹V@Co?^wö/??ª?Có~Ý
\ÊGwö/??¯Ý
?¹B3ŒFq?I1Œ¯Ýwö/??Bo®¬V@Co?dVN?C^wö/??Ý
?¹WCóÔñn
B
^ŽŒ{¢ûÄs¯C
?¹Wüùvêäzk¬IqVí~Ý
\ÊCgÔñ?Ý
ãN?qVíI?Êåå?¬BÊ?«o?IꪯÝ
ãC
N??ÊŸÈÄ?¬Bo?{gª??ªCï~ªaN?ªCOÒp°Ýo?~C@ÒÝC?®¬@N?^wö/??ïóÔñn
BR°qVí?Ê??CêC?üùvê?ÆIÎû?ËB?I??¥?œI?Úaª?ñoIZ??xBÅ???¹
?¹WÓ¡
qVí«ï?¢åvªFwö/??Èyo?B
wö/??¢g?wö/??
wö?Ôñn
~üC
\Ê
wö?iCommand ModuleCCMjæ?`Cp°?ŸólžnÊêŒ
?¹C¥BêÝC?®¬?Ôñn
IªBwö?I??ïœ?T§?íA?ÚûA?qn?Èy¢g??qdäIB??iService ModuleCSMj?¶¹ŸólùvIe???Cá@??n?AR¿A?ã£A÷??ûaÊ?V?BÝ¢g?15C?CŸóD?ü
?¹?I?íçÊ°??IöBwö?^??íÌ?wö/??iCSMjB???g?¹Èw?íÍ?BÔñå?OC??í?PBüLwö?O?Lu?ÂC\?ï??üå??I·B?üå?@Cwö?Å?~?C??¬ó~ÝCÊÒ~B
küqó??¬÷C?Ÿ¹wö/??I¯CRû¢XEzïGziHarrison Stormsj??BküqóaŸóã`I?nêx??CÁ?¥¢g?1IåÎgOŒŸól?¶@BåÎ¥wö?àI??ZHøNICŽöñí??C??¬?I??¥gwö?I??A§ìH?ai¿TÇsL??[13][14]Bho? ??¢g?o?IŽö¥ö?ÆqóqVÇrèÑp
?¹WûÄiLORjC§s¥ÊŒÚN?ûÄœÒn
?¹W
ûÄiEORjiŽŒ?ÚWûÄQ???C?Í®jBŒÚN?ûÄan
?¹WûÄs«®¢¢g??D~Ý
ãGÝ
règp
?¹WûÄV@CALKv§¢êäzÂ?ÊIƧ?
o?I¶?¯Ri?Ö?÷Hööi?ŸC?Lê±?ï€Bi?Ööiž50NãA?n€ó??ÚCóÝ1962NdV
?n?€B1962N7CL11Æöi?ç±?o??s?B¯N9?C9Æöiñð¹??Ci?ÖöiݯÅ??Ÿ¹
¯B??¯??3.5?ü³BÅ?nL4ƪï€F??qón?iã¡???÷jAû§???yöii?«T§n?jA?ðÁip
?T§n?ja?öiº~???÷jBo?ãIî{?qA?s^T§n?iPGNCSj¥RÈHåw?\??º??IB?
q?Z÷¥Ràì¶öi§¢BÝ¢g?wß/??Lê^V?I?qn?B?pIC?~?qn?iAGSj¥RTRW??IB
1970N4Co?
rÀÝ¢g?13C?ÓOI¯¹Ò~OŒFq?iwß?¬û¥GzEÐ?Awß/???s??ËE
zÐiÁao??s?€úºECzjIpFBÝR?HZHøNIwß??ã£??óày@C
rÀÖ?nì?~¶DêŒ
Ôñn
?¹Cú?
rÀI?r??wß?ã?dvIÔñ?r[?È?ÛFq?ÂÈÝ1970N417ú?üå?óÀS~
Bo?ãIº~??÷{¥pݺ~Ê??¬pICAÝ¢g?13C?pípÝ??s?Á¬?DÈ?üÔñ
q?B¢g?13Ìo?n?€?3ŒFq?ñ¹90¬?I¶œÛáC§I??\Íü¥2ŒFq?C45¬?
ÌöÒC??ʧ¿ÊIî{dÊBÝ??ʧIµ¢î{?ÊCç¥BêêÂ?L??Iî{dÊBçè`àšF\gNí
ÉÈkg?m2?s?1àšdÊCŽÉ?žm6.62607015~10?34VdÊÝ2019N520úVOCç¹¥??ʧî{?ÊBê¹gp?
š?sè?I?ÊCŠíè???çŽíI?Ê[1]B»söÒIè`¥¥Ý2018N1116úIæ26 ÛxÊtåðÊß[2]B»sè
`ȧߪʟmINíÊè×êW?Cg¿ÊdÊiöÒja·xdÊiöÚjAÔdÊibjèüCŠ§?N-?özR?n
®«õqI\Ê^I?Š?nNB祿ÊIdÊC§¿ÊAácúí?IêéŒLœgdhBR§ªÚæñ^®è¥C¿Ê
Ûã¥êÂäoLègµ«hI«¿GçA¥?CïROÍÛ»?IöxC¿ÊzåCAzïgŽÁ¬Bácê¿Ê×êçIšéÝêÚIÍìp
ºCðÈ?bœûêÄIÁ¬xiñn
dÍÁ¬xI\ªVêjÁ¬Bš¿IdÊ®Sç¬{nIdÍx§èC§¿Ê¥sÌiÝY¿ÊÀñ
È_«¬xæV@Ò^®jBänCÝ÷dͺIFqõsùCœÍA\šNŸóäy?IšéGöךégLdÊhBR§CšéÝ÷
dͺ¹ÛLŽ¿ÊCFqõùgo\{IÍË\c\{¿ÊIšéȯIÁ¬xÁ¬B?júè`@Ý1795N47ú?z¹?°xÊtI@
¥CŽ?è?gÝuZ»?I·xºCÌ?°???êÐÄi1/100ÄjI§ûÌI
I??dÊhB[3]R°¥ê¢ñí¬I?ÊCúíI€?¶
?yIši?Ê?å°G¯?Cî°ÁèÌ?I
è?I?Êç?ÈûÖ^y?I??C@¥I?{ùvê¢î°?è?I?šîyB°¥C
l???§¢¹ê?Ê1000Ià®í??ì?çîyB^¯?C@{??ÈwÆ?n¹ž??èê§ûªÄiêö¡[ 1] j
I?ÊI
HìB[3]?RCæO@¥?çè??æIÁèÌ?
I·x_?0 C?ê·x_ñí?èBA¥??NI€CÝ1799NC@»wÆHÕE
èÓïv¢|IøaÓåšwƪäÝòE@z
òrèCüè?Cæ
?°Å?èI§x_?IÌ?iŠ
ݧxÅå?IÌ?jC§??è
I
§xÝ4 ??ÅåB[ 2][4]Å?CŒìI??¥ê§ûªÄ§xÅå?I
I?Ê?4NO§¢Içîyí?ÊI99.9265%B[ 3] [5] ¯N
Cl?ÈsÂ\IÚßiÝ?IÈZðI?ÂIîvºj4 ?ê§ûªÄ
I?Ê?Ú?C§ì¹ê??IçŽíB?ŽíZíð
@?ÄÇCÀ1799N12í³®???g?ÄÇçhiKilogramme des ArchivesjCçíè??°I?ÊB?îyígp¹ã\NB
\ã¢?µ\NãC@{?¹ênñIï?Bl?Ý?±ï?ãÓ???gp??à§s¥??§ìçŽíB1?ÊåïA??ÊÏ?ïa??ÊÇO¢??BÝ?V@l?§¢¹êágp??àIç?y??CŽ`?¥xaŒlÏ×39.17mmIŒ§¢éB1889NCËÆö?¢?¹æê??ÊåïCáy«ŽÅÚßÄÇçIêì??çŽíBs?CŒ1901NIæO??ÊåïãË«?çŽíI?Êè??çB?çŽí°¥ì?çI?y??êŒgp¡VBêç?yšíÛ¶°êû?`ã«àC¶úÝ??ÊÇi?ÇÊ°bêtßIÇ€?jB?y?]B ©1889NNC ÛdʧçIå¬è`×æî ÛçŽíiÝÆxÊt{kœóðck×gIPKhjI¿ÊBIPKRêíûÉ໬Cíà©gPt
?10IrhCŠ90%ûÉy10%?i¿ÊäjGRãcíàp@í¢¬39.17mmIŒ§¢éix=ŒljCéôÂÈc\ÊÏžÅáB[1]äNûÉI?ÄÇçCVÁi
I10%?üP¹dxCA¯Û¯ûÉIœ·|F?»IxïR«AɧxAÇDI±däo±M«Èy᥻ŠBIPKäoŽZ·
¡»isí¶úÝ ÛvÊÇiB
IPMjÊbêtxœIã`ºwI×åUº?CL«ÄTIÛèš Bi©ºÊIO€ÐjJ[Ûèš ùvOíªJÛÇIèoúBIPKI³®¡»iÂŽŒ Æì?Ž
S WVpC±¡»iå??50NAvæîIPKäêBIPK¥1879N»¢IO¢éVêB1883NCIPKI¿Êíᢻæîª\lNOI?ÄÇçIêvCÀÝ1899N
Iæê ÛxÊtåðí³®wè×çB[1]Ûç[WC
iLi¯ÊfT§IÄ
j§xI»ãªÊwoê§ûªÄI
CÝÅå§xi3.984Cjäêç
ü·25.05ppmB[2]Â÷¬I·ÊCäoIPKæî?ÄÇç¿ÊêvÂC?Ÿ¹Žß209NOÈ{ÆìÝÊx
§xy»¢?ÄÇçIZåY¥ácŽIB
€×eŽíç¬ÔI¿ÊÌ®CŽK21?K40×e I ÆŽíCK8(41)åjŽííôRnW¬¹41åjCAIzsæL³mIÒåjÀLíW×8åjIŽíCÂŽ
íAíâi×8(41)åjBL¿ÊÌ®s¥IPKIB[3]ÈãIÊxs¥ICÙ@»èÈã?ÂŽí¥å©RÅârèI?jÉBkLÂ\nCÝ100NÔLŽ
íI¿ÊsúÁ¹C§K21AK35AK40yIPKü¥äŽŒIúÁŸr§ßBè`ãÒ?CIPK¿ÊIÊx?ë·×®ëGIPKA¥çBR§CIPKöÔ§¬I¿ÊÌÊCÂãSR
ä¢Een³®¡»i¿Ê»èoÒCÂßöíâi×gèújyhBá@Cü iLlÂ90%ûÉ/10%?IçWVCŽK4a¥1884N»IŽál\¡»iI_Â
B[4]K20íwè×ü I ÆñÈWB_ÂŽíCæ ÆIêéCsvèúñBIPMì¿ÊjyB[5]ùvwoI¥C¡»iI¿ÊmnIPKGìI¿Ê
ãSßZCŸoIη?ðí¶?Bäû?Cü I ÆñÈWK20C1889NÅI³®¿Ê×1kg???39ÊgGçA¥?K20äIPKçj39ÊgB1999NIãêjywoŽ¿Êm
n1889NIŽ?Bæîí¬·Ùács¯I¥Cü IûjWCK4I¿ÊãnIPKº~??s¥LŽöIBûjñÈWvípŸœCÈkeÕí
yóeí¹BK4ÅïI³®¿Ê×1kg???75ÊgCA1989NãS³®Zã¿Ê×1kg???106ÊgC§\N㥥1kg???116110NÔCK4IPKçj¹41ÊgB[6]
ûjWÂ\óIêʹOCAZí¬SŸåUI ÆŽíçðös¯IŽö§?¶IPKI¿ÊÌ®CácŽöLßmICçL¢mIBRIPKäoI¡»is
í¶úóiÔÇL_wœÈãIàã«jCìÒ¥ðãSR\ÊzåwIDo§lŸ¿ÊBöðpêíâi×gBIPMŽ@hIèãÒŽìCíû@¥BIPM
19391946NÔJá¢ICácèãLpLʳ?a³IûèâvçjçjC@CpöéYß_I
isöŽCÈy暎íÝjyOæú710VB[7]
2011NC?çŽíIdÊÂ\?¹å?50÷[8]BS
enIŽíàsÚOÝäàsYsO¯œI §È{HåYšÙLêöÒŽíCŽ×ú¡úâ
¯CŽðRxÊtûéÇCçzRãSàZWûéÇCVã2001No¡È{HåYšÙB ÆxÊtWéº1995Nü ÛxÊtÇ¿ÊÅWVûÉ?ö
ÒŽíCÒåj78åjC×»¡Ø¯ V Æ¿ÊWBå?å?IçŽí¥1965Nžpø?IC??No.60C1986Níáy?Æ?ÊîyC?FGJJiÍj0101B
çì?îy??¥?ÊîyI?¬ªC¥1984Nžpø?C??No.64C1986Náy??Êì?îyC?FGJJiÍj0151Bçîy??¥1967NR?ÊÈw€
@©s€§C??No.9C¥Œa^IŒ?ÌCÞ¿?s??CÌ??126.6006§ûöªC?Ê?Ì??1kgB1967Nñ?è?Ê?1kg-1.94mgC?èžx? 0.0
4mgB1986Náy??ÊîyC?FGJJiÍj0152B[9]``Áœ{nVÈZºIWyZ³éiL ÛçŽíIæ75åj¡»{Cpì`I¿ÊÒlW
wö/??¢g?wö/??wö?Ôñn
~üC
\Êwö?iCommand ModuleCCMjæ?`Cp°?ŸólžnÊêŒ
?¹C¥BêÝC?®¬?
Ôñn
IªBwö?I??ïœ?T§?íA?ÚûA?qn?Èy¢g??qdäIB??iService ModuleCSMj?¶¹ŸólùvIe???Cá@?
?n?AR¿A?ã£A÷??ûaÊ?V?BÝ¢g?15C?CŸóD?ü
?¹?I?íçÊ°??IöBwö?^??íÌ?wö/??iCSMj B???g?¹Èw?íÍ?BÔñå?OC??í?PBüLwö?O?Lu?ÂC\?ï??üå??I·B
?üå?@Cwö?Å?~?C??¬ó~ÝCÊÒ~Bküqó??¬÷C?Ÿ¹wö/??I¯CRû
¢XEzïGziHarrison Stormsj??BküqóaŸóã`I?nêx??CÁ?¥¢g?1IåÎgOŒŸól?¶@B
åÎ¥wö?àI??ZHøNICŽöñí??C??¬?I??¥gwö?I??A§ìH?ai¿TÇsL??[13][1
4]Bho?
\ÊIo?BåðÚF¢g?o?o?¥^³o?gpIªB?¹sÂ\??dÊCo?vL
u?ÂC?Ík¬Cü\Ý
\Ê?sBo?\???ŒFq?Cïê¢~ªaê¢N?ªB@ÒÝoC?
®¬?gpOÒì??ËœäC?ü
?¹@^wö/???ÚCy?Ôñn
B~ª¢??¹¢g?Èw??
ïCÈyÅ@OC?I
?Bi??qóqVöi?so?I??a¢C??l¥?GE?iTom KellyjBo?
ço???œ??GR°Ž??I?C®¢¢g???s?±v\¬÷[15]BR°o??x?Cño?I?l?s
çsŸs?CgŸ¢g?89Ý?B¢g?9Ýn
?¹ñgp¹o?C¢g?10«o??¹
?¹i
AvLojC?®¢qVíIe¢ª?s¹??I??ì???ʧIµ¢î{?ÊVêCçIârè«ñídvB
á@ÍIdÊÚA¥è`×gêçIšéL1m/s2IÁ¬xCá?çŽíÌ®CÚIå¬çðL
¯öxIÌ®B§ØIdÊ?z?Iè`LpÚCöçðç¬VÌ»B?IAœœäðe¿œIdÊCá@\Êd
ÊÅšIè`¥pÈêÚIÍgšéÊÚêÄìI÷C§÷ŠdÊ¢ÁIìIÍCsðóe¿Bd
¬dÊÀ|Iè`çaÍ{dÊÚLèCöçIÌ»ðe¿À|Iå¬Dçðe¿ŽŒd¥{IdÊCá@ÉÓAÁ
AÁzfAèèBid¥{dÊC^GAŒåA@fysóçÌ¥À|IœûCªê¥çCç
IÌ»IÂÈïÁBjrõxî{dÊCõçðóe¿C§¬ŸaèÓÛW§dÊIå¬
saêÂßgp143NA¢v
å¬AࢻI?çŽíLèBö?çŽíIi¿ùvF^ÛìCÈÛ ÛW
§Iêv«BÔÇLÅDIÛìCA¥©n33NOIæOTú«Z³¡CS¢EI?çŽí¡»iIœÏ¿Êßa
?çŽíL5.7ÊgIë·B¢Ee IʪéºvÝælTú«Z³Ë\mè¿ÊÌ»I?jš¥ÛðãB
çI¢A¥ÚOI€\ŸC?çŽíI?Ê
??IÚï?¶÷¬I?»B¯?C?¹h~?xIgp??
çŽí¢¬??C?çŽíçs\?í«gpB?±öfs?Xž?n?Ê?Ê?sÖBÚO¢EãL?œÈ€¬?
??gpe?û@C?ç?sdVè?B?I??ï«ç^¢Ÿúº?í?nCdV?袟úº?íC§ìê
¢®üIáé28
Ìì?ç?y[11]G§¢¢ÁVœCÊ?Ní?ÊV¬[12]BÝ2005NC Ûx
ÊtÏõðiCIPMjß?cÈî{šíÊ?î??ç?sdVè?[13]Có°2010N10ü?xÊtåïiCGPMjñ
ÈNíÊdVè?çB011N10I?xÊtåïæ24ï?Ž?«¯Ó?ñ?[16]Córè«Žè2015N
æ25ï?ñO2014N?sCÍ?ôoÅ?r?B14N¥è2018NüR©REIµÂîbíÉ·Z¬VI
ʧxBXï駟CÚæêè¥\ŸC¶Ý^±ÒlnCÝŽCsóOÍIšésÛèÎ~œ¬Œü^®BçA¥?C
n^±QlnæV@Cïá{ÁšéIÄOÍ×ëC¥šé^®¬xIå¬äoûüPèBµ«è`×CÚæêè¥Išé
ïLÛŽÒ^®?ÔI«¿BÞ«Úæêè¥IÒlnCâi×µ«ÒlnBâcãðL赫ÒlnIXÚ×_qB
µ«Ž¥ãSTÍ{IîbŽBkœ{ÒF×µ«ŽA¥Úæêè¥B
çŽCšéðãnÈ»L¬xÚ®C
ñLOÍgüÌŽ¬xBÝn
\ÊCµ«íðíCÍAójÍÁäÁCn§£gšéIÚ®¬xÌŸzÒz
iÊíÅãð̬èÎ~?ÔjB»Ûë±¹œÃã{ÒCá@C±¢zœúºF×CÝF¡CLšésLŽu©RÊuv
|®ü?ÔIÊuCšéðÅès®Ž©RÊuCüLácOÍ{ÁCšéËðÚ®B¶åY»VOCÝŒûN{¡Åí
ÚóI^®_¥§åñö³O335Nö³O322NI?¢mœúºI{?B?¢mœúº\ŸCïÝLu\Íviviolent
forcej{ÁCLiÝn
ãIjšéÅIsðâ~^®CèÎ~Ž©RÊuCAüvL\Í£gšé^®CšéðãŽ^®?
ÔBác?šéí?±oC?±ÒI\ÍçzÚ?šéü¡IóCg±ó¬®C¬×VI®ÒCããsân£g?š
éÚ®B[3][4]ÝVãåñ_çN?C?¢mœúºI^®TOA níÚóCüLôÊŒN{ÆTOño¿^Bá@CÝæ 6¢IC?ËEã?g?zúá]?¢mœúºèšé^®Isêv_F?¢mœúºF×^ósÂ\¶ÝCö×CÝ^ó¡C
LCœî¿£gšéÚ®CA¥CŒ\ŠCî¿IjÍäoŽ§x¬³äFïÝóI§x¥
IêŒC¥šéÊ߯éHl
p{IÔCÝó¥Ý
IêŒCßõCšéÊß^óp{ŸÔäYXB[5]ã?g?zå£Cî¿ü\jâG?š
éI^®Cs\£g?šéÚ®GÝ^ó¡CLCœî¿C?šéœ§äreÕÚ®B[6]ã?g?zcC£¬?šéã^®
Iöfäoü¡î¿³èC§¥Ý^®JnCÁ?šéI^í«¿C«¿QÝ^®ÁÕwá¶Bå«Rcäoác¡µ«
TO¹L·ÙCß©³mûü×oîvI??B[7][4]A¥CÝßúäoVãkœNCŒIz@LŸdCkœ?¢
mœúºh{Òs\óœCïï?zE¢õßiñ1225N|1274Nja䢀zEêmiwziñ1200N|1280NjÝ?BüLú
?GIÐõiñ1288N|1348Njœ?¢mœúºš{BŒ¿^?¢mœúºñI^®Iu®ÒvêÝ?¡Cå«RŒÛè?
¢mœúºöI³m«CF×?šéI^®sùvç¬ç¬nsL®Òºç¬BA¥CŒç\oCœÖãÄÝæ14¢IC@
N{ÆæšEz¢OñoÕÍ?BŒâiÄ£gšé^®I«¿×ÕÍCÕÍ¥R®ÒBšéC£gšé^®BŒÛè¹ÕÍð
©ÈÁÕwá¶Iz@Bz¢OF×i¶sIÕÍ¥íójÍœCÍQïç÷CüvÕÍåjÍœCÍCšéA
ðããÚ®B[8][9]z¢OIÕÍäošé§xaéϬ³äG¬xzåCÕÍçzåGšé?Iš¿zœCA\?ÚózœIÕÍB[6]
núíæV@Cz¢OzoœœáÒœ±¢zœúºI_F[6]ïÝêÂÉœÎã
Åè²ùçzC¿âóéݱšé
IãÊ®ùçzH»ÝC×ùçzšÊgÅ¢êÂèhÍCèhÍïÝùçzšOÊCsæšÝùçzšäoèhÍVÔLCœóBéC
ÝùçzšäoèhÍVÔCsð¶ÝCœóC¿âóé®ùçzHÝzêäz?D?g?êäzDCqsœQèÎIèÎ~åC
B»ÝC?ãØÐC¥ö×C
jÍäoójÍCí?IDðIâ~qsBÝóCâÝbÂãAÊüDOûICõðŽ
£äHѹkœH
ÔÇäoµ«I?ãTOkCz¢Oüc©ÈI_×±¢zœúºî{N{I÷¬C³CœŽŒ±¢zœúºhIæV
OCá@CŒF×^®?ÔäoèÎ~?Ô¥_ís¯I?ÔBz¢Oå£CÕÍsAKpŒü^®CçKp¢ü^®C£g
šéiá@C¯éjæ¢ü^®B[9]FXI¢¢Á¥z¢OI{¶BŒz¢OI{?AB`åäo^B[10][9]ÝÃå
{nÚ{@IvzÆqÁz§IÐõÅæ\qoœÏ¬ŠèFݯéÔÔuàCïá¬xšéI¬x¥Á¬xšéI
ŬxaÅI¬xIã`aIêŒC¥ñšéÚ®I£B襩Réè¥IîbBÝŸªEŸ?VOCŒìA
ßôéæ¹èB[11]ò¢Eú¢zGŒìI€ÊÁÈá¢öCŒn§¹pÈü€Òðç×^®è¥Iû@CÀpôœ
û@柜ϬxèBú¢zG1377Ná¢\IìsVnÊ_tñoCác©RéÝÁ¬CŽdÊÀLúÁC§¥ÕÍúÁB
ïÝC?@êŒü詹Cnn
\ÊIAêyCúßnSC?@n
\ÊIBêyCRãêÂdšü詹C¥ðnAêyCãSßn
SCÚ®BêyCADd²nêç²²?Oêç²BA¥CnnSBêyIHrC¥æ¡N?ÔC§dÊü\¢¬šé{Cö
±€á¢WQnNI¹{Òì±¢zœúºš{IMSB[13]ÝŸªá¢\µ«ŽVOsvC1585NC`åš{Ò
ª]òE{òŸŠzÁ¬nIÕÍ?À§×ü\KpŒü^®F[14]{òŸŠÁÊšo?Î@·IáqCácùçz?Î@·CçÜ
?IΪCRíçãñ©CŽ{IŒü^®íÌ×¢ü^®GAáΪ?oC?£çãIñ©C¥ÎªðæŒü^®C§ÎªI
ŒüOÕð³Ø¢ü?oêyòÃfEFò1543Ná¢\ìsVé^s_tCå£n
iäo|Ž\ÊILšéjn¢â~s®C§
¥ãnã
ŸzôöçzBÊÎVI_C±¢zœúº®InS?n
¥FISCö?nÅès®èûŸRŽS
oAïȵËB[17]Ýá¢\ìVOCFò×¹æ©ÈI_Cß1530NA®¬¹æVªs¯O¹^®IéB[18]úº V¶{Ò
mèÓCÝn1618N1621NªOKiá¢\IìsFòV¶{Tvt¡CÅæñopêuµ«vCfê×uïÄvIÓvCäoác¡IFç×
sŸêéBmèÓÈ^®Ì»IRÒè`µ«C¹äp¥ª±¢zœúºIèÎ~?ÔשR?ÔIOñBêŒvãÒŸª
I€äoÚèÎ~äo^®ê¯êŽCp굫Ë\äpác¡ŽLITOB »ÌÊAšÎ¢EÍÎbÉæéšÎ¢CbvXª µœ ÂÆ¢ûö®CèìpÍC¥¿ÊzåCÁ¬xz¬BR®Êûö®äoÚûö®oI¿Ê¯Bö×Cïá¿ÊäoÔA¬x³èC¥Úûö®ÂÈn®Êûö®±oÒB
éC¿Ê¥šéµ«IxÊCŠšéRíÁ¬IxÊBšéµ«êIÜÓCßnŽ{ÜÓÛ®ÊIXüCüÌךéR®ÊüÌIxÊB
dÍ¿Êäoµ«¿Ê
dÍ¿Êäoµ«¿ÊVÔIBê·Ê¥ªÊû@B
¢m¿ÊIšéäoßm¿ÊIšéªÊŽóIdÍôªÊärCAÂÈŸ¢mšéIdÍ¿ÊBÊíCÂÈgpVœÒôªÊBû@IDêy¥Cs_ÝrõnûCÝrõ¯
CsÂÈpVœÒôªÊCö×CÓšéCdÍêsêéBüvdÍêsüÌCVœðªÊoÂMIdÍ¿ÊBA¥CÝŽ¿Ê¯éßCá@CüKŽœq¯CAs\Ìpíû@Cö×Ýœæ¡CdÍêIòxŸß?·CÝVœI¶E_ÂïÕÊuIdÍê·ÙÊŸåCŽßòë·Í¡BÝžd«Cçs\Ìpíû@Cö×Vœs\ôCœärB
{ÁßmìpÍ¢m¿ÊIšéCªÊ?¶IÁ¬xCRãäpÚæñè¥ûö®CAÂÈŸµ«¿ÊCŽë·üÀ§ªÊImxBác|©Ré?µCgpû@C¿ÝêíÁÊÀÖCâiךé¿Êª\CAÂȪÊoždqVõIµ«¿ÊB
?ŸÓI¥CéÒ®¢QoCdÍ¿Êäoµ«¿ÊC_ÒVÔLrõ·ÙBéÒß®¬œéCûé_ÒIéÉ?CA¥·ÙsÝéë·ç²ÀV?B€özRÝnA`_CndÍ¿Êäoµ«¿ÊICŸkåI?ŠBŒïÝdÍ¿Êäoµ«¿Ê¯CdÍ?¶IÁ¬x¥óAã?IÎx¢¬IÊCAD¢
Èù?é®öºêÂ|¢B
µ«Òln
ác`qšé^®CüLÁèIÒlnCË\mèûŠoŽšs×BïáI¢¹sKácIÒlnC¥èI^®è¥Â\ðär¡è¶Cݵ«ÒlnCÍ{è¥\»oI`®Å×ÈdB[24]nµ«ÒlnæV@CCœæ¬Œü^®IÒlnCçs¥µ«ÒlnCÛ¥¥uñµ«ÒlnvB·åb?CÚè¥Þ«ŸªsÌ«CŠÝLµ«Òln¡CÚè¥sÛsÌ[25]B
I¢ÈÅè¯éÒßµ«ÒlnCû@Ië·ác÷¬Bá@Cn
ã
ŸzIöçz?¶I£SÍCäŸzã
âÍnSIöçz?¶I£SÍCvåOçäÝ{BÈCÝ€Ÿzn¯éI^®CŸz¥êÂkDIµ«ÒlnB[26]n
çÂÈ×µ«ÒlnBRn
©çz§?¶IÁ¬xÝn
\Ê×0.034mE s-2BdÍÁ¬xåñשçzÁ¬xI288{BRn
ã
Ÿzöçz§?¶IÁ¬x×0.006mE s-2CX×÷¬BÈCÂȪn
I©çzaöçzÁ¬xB[27]
ïÝ|n
ÒlnIæV@ÒACæV@êçpÎÔ欌ü^®C¥ÎÔIÒlniÎÔÒlnj祵«ÒlnB»ÝCÝÎÔÔù?CLê¢
n|{ºÒC|ÎÔÒlnIæV@ÒBCæV@I¢
OÕCA@¯ácÎÔÅès®C¢
ðŒ{ºÒêéBnn
ÒlnæV@CÝ{VOC¢
äoÎÔIÚ®¬xäoûü¯C¢
Iµ«ÛæC©ÎÔÚ®ûüC¢
äoÎÔIÚ®¬xBÓÝ¡C¥µ«§s¥¿ÊoÛæB
?굫Òln¡IæV@ÒCsðæV@Lšs×s
ç¯éIšè¥Bn굫ÒlnCÂÈÈdŒæSŸèûnÌ·iŸªÌ·j?O굫ÒlnBéC|n
ÒlnIæVªÒA\?_CÎÔÒlnIæV@ÒBðæV@CÝÎÔÔù?{I¢
CðŒ{ºÒB
ñµ«Òln§ŸCRÒlnIÁ¬xsëCšéðŽó?ÝÍBïÝÎÔ³ÝÁ¬xC¥ÎÔÒlnIæV@ÒBðæV@C¢
sðŒn{C§ðÎüûüC¥öשÎÔÚ®ûüC¢
äoÎÔIÚ®¬xsB
ÄšêÂáqCïÝn
©çz[ülÊCn
?24¬ð©çzêTCùçzIn
Òln¥ñµ«ÒlnBnkÉá¢Ýêò[CìûÊÔ¹I^êyPC¥nn
ÒlnæV@CRŽóÈ¢úÍCò[ðΣêyPBA¥CnŸzÒlnæV@CRn
I©çzCêyPÊuLüÌCÈLmïBêyPB òÃfEFò1543Ná¢\ìsVé^s_tCå£n
iäo|Ž\ÊILšéjn¢â~s®C§¥ãnã
ŸzôöçzBÊ
ÎVI_C±¢zœúº®InS?n
¥FISCö?nÅès®èûŸRŽSoAïȵËB[17]Ýá¢\ìVOCF
ò×¹æ©ÈI_Cß1530NA®¬¹æVªs¯O¹^®IéB[18]úº V¶{ÒmèÓCÝn1618N1621NªOKiá¢\
IìsFòV¶{Tvt¡CÅæñopêuµ«vCfê×uïÄvIÓvCäoác¡IFç×sŸêéBmèÓÈ^®Ì»IRÒè
`µ«C¹äp¥ª±¢zœúºIèÎ~?ÔשR?ÔIOñBêŒvãÒŸªI€äoÚèÎ~äo^®ê¯êŽCpê
µ«Ë\äpác¡ŽLITOBŸªpÒû鵫è¥IÎÊéBŸªEŸ?å£C{ÁOÍüÌI¥šéI¬x§s¥Êu
GÛšé¬xsÌCsùvCœOÍB×¹æŒIå£CŸªô¹êÂvzéB@E€ŠCæšÃ~I¬
nêyAöºÎÊABCöÅ
ê[ãC¬
ðöãÎÊBCCïÝ_òÎÊsñíIœACWÉ?¬C§ójÍ÷ãCÈ°ÂȪs?C¥¬
ðöäoêyA¯
xIêyCGïÝÎÊ¥BDABEœBFC¬
ç¯énðöäoêyA¯xIÊuBüs?ÎÊz?Cã?I?óC?Ê?xI?Ê
ï?Ÿz¬BïÝÎÊ??CÅ@?¬
œÊBHC¥î°g??«Ž?hY¬
g{?hñäoêyA¯xIÊuãBH¥
œIC¬
isÂ\öæOIxC§¬xI?Ê«?¬0Cö¬
ðsânæ?¬Œü^®BŸªã`CïjâGCß
?^®Išéðãnô?¬Œü^®BŒâi×?«è¥[19][20]B???íño?ós펌{ÒÚóCö?Òs¹ð
CÍäoójÍI{¿Cs?ŸªI??ÈÂèÏI??î?C??Ûv?CSZåvöfCªvöfCX¹©R?¥B
?ŸÓI¥CãÒCŸªn?«LCœOÝÒlärC¥?³@ªšé¥èÎ~s®Ò¥Ú®BæV@ãҬ׀öz
Rá¢WàÃ`_IîbB[21]DN{ÆäoÈ{ÆÁªÊàÕ§nzo¹µ«è¥[ 1]Bæ17¢IN{ÆèÓ?EJ?Zç\ãSño
Cå«RŒLôoCœéÒæè¥I³m«BÚæê襎³¥ŸªñoIµ«è¥IÄÂq[22]s{ÁOÍC
¥LšéðÛ¬xsÌBÚè¥IÅñod÷ŸªBÚæêè¥×[23]éðÛŽèÎ~œ?¬Œü^®?ÔC
ñLOÍgüÌÚæêè¥ãCÚJn`qŒæV@IeíšéI©R^®BòûAòÎêÞI?éCïásíóI
jÍRCsídÍzøÄCìð¬xs?nã^®BÉêÞIùçzéCïásónÊIC͹ÕCìðivs§nùçzB
s¯Aa¯êÞI¯éCÝjÍr¬IŸóÚ®CðX?vnÛìI^®O¹BÝ¡CÚÀLñÚæêè¥äoµ«ÒlnV
ÔIèWCŒIâè¥C×YõÝêÊæV@C^®IšéÅIðâ~^®HŒF׎ö¥LójÍAnÊCÍìpš
_¢¢ÁE€özR1905NÝ_¶s_®éId®Í{t¡ñoIàÃ`_C¥§ŸªäoÚ€oÒIµ«äoµ«ÒlnBÔ
ÇcãI_Ûnü̹œÚTOC¿ÊA\ÊA£CA€özRIµ«TOäoÚIŽ{TOãN|LCœ·ÙBÛ§ŸC
®Â_¥§ÚIµ«è`BAçgŸàÃ`_I«Žü\äpµ«ÒlnBÝíÒln¡CsóOÍIšéCKèÛ
ŽèÎ~œ¬Œü^®?ÔB×¹|ÇÀC€özR1916Ná¢\_¶sA`_IîbtñoA`_B_\?äpñµ«Ò
lnBA¥C×¹BÚIC€özRá¢æSCŒKùgp]ÈóIVTOC§s¥BIÚÍITOCÒdVè`ôÂîbTOiá@dÍjB
ö×dVè`C€özRÒȪnë·dVè`¹µ«ITOCøNê±÷AdvIÊBªA`_Các|åÚ¡âèCs
\gpäoßû®BÚµ«BK^nC«?¬IóœæCàÃ`_¹äpKpCµ«I?ŒäoHì¹äpäoãSTÍ^¯BàÃ`_I?ê
Â[úIÊ¥C\Êäo¿Ês¥Ýs±Iš¢«C§¥ÂÝçz·IBÎVèWç\µ«TOVI?ŒBàÃ`_IçŽSÊ¥Cï
á¿Ê
絫ŽC¥\ÊKç
絫ŽBkœ?µC_åånñúª¹µ«Iè`C\?äpš¿äo\ÊBFç׿Êäoµ«µ«I
è«è`ךéR®ÊüÌI«¿Bè`ÁÈèÊLךéR®ÊüÌIxÊCAÂÈpÒôÉ{vZBxÊâi×µ«¿ÊCÈâi×
¿ÊBÈC¿Ê\Šš¿IÉÊC¯C¿Ê祚鵫IxÊB®Êûö®\BšéI®Ê {\displaystyle p}p äo¿Ê {\displaystyle m}m A¬x
{\displaystyle v}v VÔIèW ÚÁÊè`?óÔ×sËû®OECœš§àÕ©¶ÝIÒlnCÝ?óCsóÍIšéïLÛŽÒ^®?ÔI
«¿C«¿âi×uµ«vBÚF×µ«¥šéI?â\«¿B
¶zÁEnqF×C?óÔITOŸßºéC?óÔs¥ÂÈÛæV@ªŸBïáLꡯéI^®œÏCŸIÒln
äY¥èÎ~ICÂÈÖã?óÔBöCšéIµ«äoê¡I¯éLèCšéIµ«N¹Žäo®ÂFIš¿VÔIÝì
pCçA¥?CuæIš¿è¹{æIµ«vBA¥CÝFIßê[C109õNFŒlI¯
Cõ\?e¿{æIµ«
HÔÇnqIá]kL¹CÚÍ{Imx¥Lá€áÏIBèí¥rõŽö¢¬¹æIš¿Áäo{æIµ«rõ¡AI\ÛH
€özRÝ€A`_C[[nínqI_zøäo?á¢C€özRâiz@×nqŽB€özR\ŸCdͥꡚ¿e¿
{浫I@§C§?ᢶ]ÈóCÂÈpôœ®Í{I?ûö®vZŸBª€özRI_Cüvm¹FI®Â¿
Ê|\ÊÂÈvZoïéno¹]
ïÝêÂùçz¢
vI¿Ên
¿ÊAŒln
ŒlAùçzp¬xn
©çzp¬xCÝ¢SÊuLêÂúȲC¥ùçz
¢
vúȲ?¶IÒln??»ÛCäo®ÂFúȲ?¶I»ÛC_ÒVÔIäŠåñ×5~10-14BöCÂÈ_n
úȲIe¿ác÷¬Bïán
¿ÊÁå0.2~1014{C¥ùçz¢
vúȲ?¶IÒln??»ÛácFúȲ
?¶I»ÛB[28]çz®µÊHÆòÖïLkåIçz®µÊCÂÈpÒRçz¬IüÌBác®Í¹ùçz²ìpLêÂÌ®IÍéiá
@¡®á¢®@jCœ¥äpÝÔ[«Úiá@Çœ«°jCòÖÂÈž¬çz¬Ig®Cgùçz^®XÁœBçz®µÊ¥µ«I
?Oêí`®CwI¥éÝùçzÛŽ¬ùçz^®IXüBñLOÍé{ÁCéIp®ÊsðüÌB_âi×p®Êç
è¥BRÉVIçz®µÊCÂÈRCœùçz²ûüIüÌBä?E?ÝmCPRS MPipêFSir Isaac NewtonC1643N1
4ú|1727N331úCpêᢹ[?a?z?k ?nju?tn?]C[ òª?F1642N1225ú|1727N320ú][a]j¥êÊpi?šwÆAwÆAV
¶wÆA©RNwÆaùàpmB1687NŒ?\s©RNwIwŽtC?q¹LøÍaOå??è¥Cùè¢EšaV¶wIî
?C¬?¹?ãHöwIî?BŒÊ????èÓs¯??è¥^ŒIøÍ??Iêv«CWŠ¹nÊšÌ^VÌI??s
z
¯I©Rè¥G?Ÿ?Sw?ñ¹?§LÍI?xC¥È{vœIêÂã\BÝÍwãC??Ÿ¹?Êap?ÊçPIŽB
ÝõwãCŒ?Ÿ¹œË]??Cóî°?O??«õ?U¬Â?õ?I?@C?Wo¹?Fn\q¹âpè¥Có€¹¹¬B
ÝwãC?^÷Á€¢úºEzò調?Wo÷?ªwI?_BŒç?Ÿ¹ö?ñ?®èCño¹g?@hÈ?ßIë_Có
???I€ìo¹?£BÝ2005NCpcÆwï?N¹ê?g?¥ÈwjãÅLe?ÍIlhI¯Ó??CÝcÆwï@ma〯
[C?IrŒ°¢?ÁE?özR1643N14úiÂÆ?sö?[a]jCä?E?o¶°p pi?§úºÑmSìMzäڶȢ
zzºÈÞ¢õIÞ?õ¯?BŒI?¯?Œ?ä?E?CÝŒo¶OO¢¢BR°?I?ÌC?o¶I?\ª?¬G
??Œê??PEäz?\??C??o¶¬ŸÂÈ?êðEIntB?3??Cê?üÅóZ?¹Vävb?bzEj§zq?
ÊkÐÁGIÆC§c?ït?¹ŒIOcê?^¢Eäz?BNcI?sì?ŒI?Cóöê?Å?ŒI§?ê?Lê±?Ó
C?r\ãSºFuÐ?äIãäo¶êCvcŒ??¯[qêN?{Bv[4]swå?tasÉ{jîÐt_LÚFg?Ý?ºwZ?
nwZ³çI¶C@í¹iàìGI€wZCó¬?¹?ZÅoFIw¶BÝ€w?CŒñhÝnI???ÐõEfÆ
CóÝ19?O??åwwOC^???I?À?EzïèÓ?¥BVãö×??°ŒI€§gŸ?îâpCzïèÓ¬·Å?¹Ê
lC?çI¶¢WBh[5][6]s?aÚ¯ãIFlÐõEzäÚIsäFEÚÝm¶œñ¯?têI`qCzäÚÝÚ
ã\Kâ߶XÁvlCçA¥ácNÚIölzïèÓ¬·B¶XÁvlIŒ©ô?àìÔC§s¥À?CÀ?¥?I
[b]C§vl?
\Š?ácNñh?üsߥuåLî?vIöx§ßBž12?¶E17?C?sÝ€wZw?CÝ?Z???Iâxäã?ÂÈÅ?
ŒNI?ŒBŒ\žwZÞwCóÝ1659N10ñÞ?õCö׌ÄxçÇIê?z??êŒ?vB?å«R?ž¹ê?IÓvC
AEzïz?¹ÚIê?C?íñ¹wZÈ®
¬ŒIw?BŒÝ18??®¬¹wIw?CóŸ¹ê?®üI?? ¬wZ̯¶Éav¿ñª¢œðv¢oµœŽÍ 932N315ú|2018N526új\¥êÊüÆqóqVÇIFq?C?s?¢g?12ÈyVó??º3C?
B?s¢g?12C??C?¬?¹æl¢¥ã
IlB
?o¶°úº?zBI?èÓiWheelerjCžúº?zBzÆI?z?iR. L. Paschal High Schoolj??C1955NÝ
úºBåwzóªZ?ŸFqHöwmwÊBlNI?l÷?s?¶U@C??nÚóC??????CŒI³¯D
¥ú@¢g?12Iwß?çÁENfúºBúº?zB?zåwiTexas Wesleyan Universityj1972Nö\??_mw
ÊCŒ?°1974NÝâåâBI¢?åwiUniversity of Akronj?Ÿ¹?_HöÈwmwÊB
1963NC?í?üüÆqóqVÇIæO?Fq?B?íwhSCoq¯10IÖ?wß?s?CAÝêú¢
g??sC?\?sÀC¢í?C??íÀrÝ¢g??p??B¯êáI¢v?EÐõGziClifton Williamsj
ö?÷̧?¶@C?í?ü¹¢g?9IÖ???B?Ý¢g?12C?SCo????C®¬¹?jãæñ
oC?B1969N11CçÁENfúºa?æ@¬?¹æOAæl¢¥ã
Il?BŒ?Ý?\Cúu¹ê±\??
??CóÀ¹æê¢\j\??âBC?ú?C¢g?12Iwß?????úºE÷?o¯Ý
?¹?@I
oC??¹?œÆÐB?s¢g?12C??Iä?E??Ý1973N729ú925ú?sIVó??º3C?
SC¹wß?BÝ?59VIC?C?^šwÆ¢¶EÁ¢¢Áa^Ez?Ýn
?¹?s¹???I2440p
¢BC?ú?C???¹ê??l÷?uIÍ^B?@Ýüñ^O??ìI¢g?-?¿????SCÖ?wß?B
1975N10C?žüC?ÞðC???ãZBÞð@I???Èœ¯g?ÝqóqVÇSCó?Fq?C?y??¬???B
?°1981N6žqóqVÇ«?C\oSžÍ?sûæ?ìGŒI?œìií??¹qV?DÒB?°?êrèC?\\
Š?¢rè¹°ÝŒ\ªNIFq?¶UCŒkK?n?ê±æÆ?ž¢?InûCŒI?g??\?gŒÈ?æ
??`®W?ŒI??BŒIæºAÊ°ŒÝxzÖIÆBì?êŒæÆC?ó]?ºœYê±FÊCŒ\??F
äK?Qo?
úÁ?FpsžŽŽÊÚIû@B@Êä¥ê¢æ
IÈwÆCäïc?æ¬DFBä¥ê¢æÆ
CÈä\??ºY±FÊB[2]h?gpI?¿¥ÆêÙñI??¢Ê?¹
ãI?yB?¥@çLêqêB??Z?s
žn
tIæµWgçA??œhÈ?Ipx`q¹¢g?12C?C?RÕvEèÓiDave Foleyj¯B
?Ý?s¢g?12C??«A?Iø?Èy¢v?EÐõGzIJͯݹ
ãCÈŠ?OB
gqV?hIÌÄ©°?wXIè?Fgqóhwå?àCgqVhwå?OŸ?nàCgFqhwŸ?nOB[1]
ÝüCÈ·sxŽ?CU80ö¢i50p¢jIlíÌ?gastronauthB?qó?ïiFAIjè?IFqs?ùŽ?100ö¢B
2004N418ú?~CÂÆüIè?€?440lCÝŸó¢x?¹ê€27,082¢qsúicrew-dayjCÝŸóU?€p¹98¢qsúB
Â?qó?ïIè?CüL434l?iB?üŸóIFq?©32¢ÆB
qV
Tianwen-1 launch 04 (cropped).jpg
?ö
Ÿó£æÎqVN\s¯?T?T
qVÈZ?p
n
???¯???¯Êuq¯?¯?qn?ó?]??ŸóTõŸóàqŸóÚ¯
qVí
ÙlqVí
l¢q¯ó?T?íÝ^òD
?lqVí
?l?DqV?÷ó?âóV?÷
qV?Ë
?Ë??Ëäê«Îû a Â?pÎûF¬xñÎûqV?Ë
qV?sC???
??¹ü??ss¯Ûqs¯Û·s¯n?·s
Ç÷?
àSå? ASAÁ\å CSA?l¯€a CNSA¢F?¿ ESA@ CNESúº DLRóx ISROÉN ISAÈFñ ISA`å ASI©?¯åå?l¯€a NADAå?¯ KARIú{ JAXAVŒ? NZSAâ?z Roscosmos?? SSAUbîzR SUPARCOp UKSAü NASA¢f?U? UAESAó?Í?l¯€a PLASSF@ AAEÉN IRGCASFâ?z VKSü USSF
Ÿóì?iß
bŒ COMAEÁ\å ü NORAD@ CDEóx DSA`å COSú{ SOSkåŒmö??? NATO SCé? CONIDAå?¯ ADDp UKSCü USSPACECOM
lqVü Axiom¢zÁfŸóLi
Fq?FN¹?zEi??Îû??ºà??RãõöiSpaceXÛ¿âÍXCORóV?l¯€a ¯??s¯Í?Í?ûqVëãó??qqV
nò± ARCAspaceO F{ûª??¹å?¯ ßn_qVocketSunIcon.svg qVå?
???
??ÌÄ
B2013NC€L©38¢ÆIFq?æ@?V
ŸólPûS
©1961Nl?ñ?VÈC€L©64¢ÆIFq?æ@?VB
â??«ºCÂÆFq?¡ó³ì@è®®IüÆqóqVÇIFq?ê¥ÌìgC§è®®¢Fó?ÇIFq?ê¥Ììg{}~prhB©¿ ¢EãæêŒFq?¥Þ¢EÁÁÑCŒÝ1961N412ú©¿?ûêiB{-1j?üŸóB
Ý1961N5ãŸóIä?E??úº?¬?üñÊqV?BÅN?IFq?¥÷?ÖEGïvCŒ°1961N8
6ú©¿?û2¡ó?üL26?CŒç¥æêÂᢶŸóòá¿IFq?C¥¢EãæêÂÝŸóqfIlÞB[2]
æêÊ«Fq?¥¢@PE·ñYÈ¡C?Ý1963N6©¿?û6iB{-6j?üŸóB€??¥æê
ÊoãŸóIØlCŒ1985N429ú56ú©¿§DÒåjŸóò@igœãåjFSTS-51-Bjis¹×ú7VIŸóòsB
2003N1015ú??©¿_MÜ¡ó¬?ñŒqV?BŽŒ\??ü?ŸóIüÐ?åáï?^AŧA?ÑB
ÅVI¥?ËEi?C1998NŒ©¿STS-95¡ó?ß?77?¹BÝŸó¯??Å?I¥¢ñ¢Eg?Èvi€437.7VjB
2003NC¢lãŸóÅœI?7C????R^¢ELE?za£Ñ?lÛBq??n
Å?I?¥401,056ö¢
C?¶Ý¢g?13?}Bñ¢©§ŸóD¡óIqV?¥?E~???C©¿I¥?DêiSpaceShipOne Fl
ight 15PjB?^e®e?ISx¥Ÿóàq`¬?äCß±Ÿóàqü¥ì?ö?ñ?àI?s©qœl?iÊ
íRâ?zñ??ó?âI?jBÝüCí??ó?qV?«?Ÿ???ÍBŒ??üŸó@C«Ÿà?Fq
??ÍBüó?çö\?zCU80ö¢I?s?Fq??ÍB?Fq?åðÚF?Fq???Œ20¢?70Nã
CüLüa??L?ðIFq?B1976N???n?s?Fq???CžŽŒÐïå?Æ?o6ŒFq??¬æ
ê?Bæñ?°1978N?n??B1978NC¢Fó?Ç?o4ŒFq??s??CÈ?sÝqV?÷ãñ¢Ÿó??º
C?B@Ý1980N?n??©ÈIFq?CÚ
¥úº°1982NCÁ\å°1983NCú{aÓåª?°1985Na1988
NBXœI????Æí??qV?÷qV?CV@â?zI?¿C?çL??ÆIQ^B1998N¢Fó?Ç?¬?
êIFq???CÈæãO@AúºaÓåIÆFq???B«Fq?s®S??CB2013N7CS¢
Eß?L57ŒqV?ãVCŽü46ŒCâ?z3ŒC2ŒBl??jãæêÊ?üŸóIq?¥¢?PE
·ñYÈ¡C¢?PE·ñYÈ¡°1963N616ú?Æ©¿?ûZF?D?üŸó
Cn©PºCvºuÀ¶òvCAËüOÔCºßÖ]ÌÁIòB[28]ð¹Å@Cò³ïŠŽ
Cs
ü@âXsLt?Fuð¹ONl{CÃVºEòtCäéßUŸCì¹å`§EVBv«ò³ků¬¹?I?
qÂ\¥?V@I?Å??§¢º?Bsmjªt?Fgï¹ONCÃVºòó?ü¯Béòµ\ñlByÝñ??ò
C¬z?¹CÒåŒBhï¹ÜNCº??ê?Å?Ý?Ii³A?³Èyò³C?³k?ó??{?COl??o«B[29]
Ÿzn¥ê¢óŸ?øÍ?©ÝêNIs¯n?CïŸ?ÈyŒÚœ?Ú??Ÿ???IVÌ[a]BÝŒÚ??Ÿ???I
VÌCÅåIª?íÌ?s¯[b]CŽ]IVÌväs¯¬kœCä@áâs¯AŸ?n¬s¯aa¯BO¹ÔÚ??Ÿz??
IVé¥q¯CŽL_è÷äŬIs¯
¯Òvå[c]BŸ?nI`¬å?n°46?NOê¢^¯?ªq]IøÍ??BŸ
?nàåªI?ÊsW°Ÿ?C]ºIVÌC?ÊÅåI¥Ø¯BÊ°Ÿ?nà?I¥l??¬Is¯Cª?¥
¯Aà
¯An
aίC?íÌ??ns¯CåvRâÎaà®?¬BO?Il?s¯íÌ?s¯CŽ?Êä?ns¯v埜B
ŽÅåI??¥Ø¯ay¯C?s¥?s¯Cåv¬ª¥?a?BÅO?I??s¯¥V€¯aC€¯C?¥u¯
CåvRê±o_ä?a?XI??¬ª?¬Cä@
A?ab?B{ÁLIs¯sÝèÏß©¹œÊI??¹ã?sB
ŸznçïÜê±r¬IVé[d]ÊίaدO¹VÔIå¬s¯æCŽIåªVÌs¥?ns¯ß?RâÎaà
®?¬BÝC€¯?¹VO¥hÉ?a?U?CïܹLåÊIC€¯OVÌCåvRu?¬CÄO?LV??I?ÇúºP
VÌisednoidjBÝ?±VÌCL{\rã?«?åIVÌC\èÏ©gIdÍ`¬
ÌC[10]C±VéíÌ?×áâs¯B
ßãSímF¥áâs¯Iï¬s¯æI_¯CaC€¯OVéI»€¯aé©_¯B[d]¹_ÂœæC?LåÊI¬^VÌ©
RI??Ý?¢ææV?Cïa¯CÒLŒln¬s¯as¯Ûo_BL6è÷s¯A4è÷ÈãIáâs¯a걬VésLVRIq
¯Âã
B[e]ÊísË
íâi×q¯BŸ?nO?I??s¯síR?ºa¬VÌ?¬Is¯???
BŸz¥üŸ?O
¬oIæd±q¬Cݯۚ¿`¬¹êÂA?œæCíÌ?Ÿ?(œú
?)Bú
wž¥Ÿza¯Ûš¿IØÍB
œtIÊuCL£UÕIç²?B^Á_CíF×¥·Túa¯IÒ¹nCŽÊuÂ\äú
???v?1000œ{BŸ?nÊ
°?ÍnI??ä]ãC^?ÍnSI??26,000õN ¡ ±ÌXbhÍßOqÉÉi[³êĢܷ